WEBVTT 1 00:01:30.810 --> 00:01:35.760 You know. 2 00:01:36.780 --> 00:01:47.430 It's better low. Okay people are here going. Cortez. David anything you'd like to ask me while we're waiting for. 3 00:01:47.430 --> 00:01:55.590 Class to start. Yeah, but if I think of something else, I'll let, you know. 4 00:01:55.590 --> 00:02:00.659 Okay. 5 00:02:05.849 --> 00:02:09.030 Pretty good. So. 6 00:02:17.400 --> 00:02:22.319 If it talk to the of research yesterday on quantum computing, so. 7 00:02:22.319 --> 00:02:31.289 Also, John cold was there, so our API is trying to think of ways to get into quantum computing research. So they've been. 8 00:02:32.370 --> 00:02:37.590 Holding meetings about every 2 or 3 weeks quite a few months. Now. 9 00:02:39.090 --> 00:02:45.629 Silence. 10 00:02:56.909 --> 00:03:06.900 Oh, we'll start I'll talk a little about this. 11 00:03:06.900 --> 00:03:12.990 Oh, okay. 12 00:03:12.990 --> 00:03:20.639 So, we will see how screen sharing with webx works today. 13 00:03:20.639 --> 00:03:24.120 Crashed only on 3 times on Monday, I guess, but. 14 00:03:24.120 --> 00:03:28.919 It would. 15 00:03:28.919 --> 00:03:34.740 Hey, wow. 16 00:03:35.759 --> 00:03:39.180 It works. 17 00:03:40.620 --> 00:03:47.430 Cool. 18 00:03:47.430 --> 00:03:51.870 Right, so 1 thing I have here is. 19 00:03:51.870 --> 00:03:58.439 Yesterday, I gave a talk summarizing quantum computing and based on. 20 00:03:58.439 --> 00:04:02.189 Stuff I'm doing in course, and I recycled and. 21 00:04:02.189 --> 00:04:13.770 I didn't use PowerPoint slides. I created a web page where I copied liberally from my course obviously added some other stuff. But if you want to see 1 summary of quantum computing. 22 00:04:13.770 --> 00:04:18.629 Let's see if this works, it did not work. 23 00:04:18.629 --> 00:04:23.430 Just a 2nd, here show you a 2nd way to get to it. 24 00:04:23.430 --> 00:04:31.709 If we go to the top and we go to tags, it is listed under seminars. So. 25 00:04:31.709 --> 00:04:34.949 Silence. 26 00:04:34.949 --> 00:04:46.379 So this is a nice summary. It's also like, I took the stuff I presented in the course and future stuff and. 27 00:04:47.033 --> 00:04:59.274 So, it's a nice and the stuff I forgot and I could have added to it but what I would 1st, like to do is actually, I'll do this and then we'll talk more about in quantum computers and stuff like that and see videos. 28 00:04:59.274 --> 00:05:02.033 But once I got this MIT, so I'll reuse that. 29 00:05:02.939 --> 00:05:08.759 Okay, so a nice summary and. 30 00:05:09.928 --> 00:05:14.519 A history, just to remind you, we've seen this before it was suggested and then. 31 00:05:14.519 --> 00:05:23.968 Coin determine this is 40 years ago. Basically algorithms were worked out and shores factoring algorithm was 35 years ago. 32 00:05:23.968 --> 00:05:29.098 And then basically, we've had machines the last. 33 00:05:29.098 --> 00:05:33.088 1020 years 10 years and less so. 34 00:05:33.088 --> 00:05:40.288 Intro sites you've seen before a lot of them, they've got a new 1 here quantum computing for babies. 35 00:05:40.288 --> 00:05:45.749 Which is surprisingly good. I showed you the current status site. 36 00:05:45.749 --> 00:05:55.769 Before just to remind you about entanglement, because it's so important and no cloning which again it's worth reviewing it. 37 00:05:55.769 --> 00:06:02.069 So, what again, what this thing does here, which I copied liberally from 1 of the books, is that. 38 00:06:02.069 --> 00:06:10.889 It shows gives you an intuition for the complexity of the issue. So to speak. Is that with classical. 39 00:06:10.889 --> 00:06:17.338 Gate, you can construct, you know, you can copy a bit and this would be. 40 00:06:17.338 --> 00:06:24.478 Something like this a matrix is what it is, it's 2 sets they controlled, um. 41 00:06:24.478 --> 00:06:30.809 It's a classical controlled, not exits copy. 42 00:06:31.074 --> 00:06:44.543 X and Y, just connect so I gets access copy to I also, and it would have a matrix that would be this. And the thing is, of course, this is not an vertable matrix so it's not a legal transformation for a quantum computer. 43 00:06:44.963 --> 00:06:49.584 You could get a little fancier for cloning. You could attempt to do something like this with 3 Gates. 44 00:06:49.858 --> 00:06:57.809 Which Mexican, why go straight through? This is a common thing with quantum operators that we've seen and Z. 45 00:06:57.809 --> 00:07:01.829 If both X and Y are true then it gets complimented. 46 00:07:01.829 --> 00:07:08.939 William table, this is the matrix and this is a legal, um, Matrix. 47 00:07:08.939 --> 00:07:13.709 And for quantum computing also, and in fact. 48 00:07:15.088 --> 00:07:19.288 If you give a classic, if you use it in a classical case. 49 00:07:19.288 --> 00:07:25.769 1, and then why gets copied through. 50 00:07:25.769 --> 00:07:37.619 And he gets a copy of why, however, if you give it a quant, if Y, has a quantum state, it's a superimposed state not a classical or 1. 51 00:07:37.619 --> 00:07:45.478 Then it does not clone why is he also what the output in fact is Y, and Z and tangled together? 52 00:07:45.478 --> 00:07:50.098 And and have it actually right here so. 53 00:07:50.098 --> 00:07:55.199 Y, and Z, both 0T or else, they're both 1, they're entangled and so. 54 00:07:56.608 --> 00:08:09.149 How the entanglement is different from copying is that if you change the output Y, you've now changed the also output Y, and Z are entangled together. So they're not just. 55 00:08:09.564 --> 00:08:15.803 Okay, and I mentioned review a phase, a lot of the quantum algorithms and culture out, but it's a phase shift. 56 00:08:16.163 --> 00:08:25.403 Oh, this thing also messy things like this, you get face kickbacks, controlled, not where you got to control input and then the input that gets. 57 00:08:25.709 --> 00:08:34.139 Transformed perhaps classically the control input go straight through to the output in a quantum computer. If the. 58 00:08:34.139 --> 00:08:39.028 Controlled bit is supposed bed. 59 00:08:39.028 --> 00:08:43.798 It will kick back and affect the control bit, which should not be changed. 60 00:08:44.938 --> 00:08:54.719 Okay, nice quick review of the various technologies. We've seen the transmen cube to Joseph injunction. Ibm has that. 61 00:08:54.719 --> 00:09:03.778 For example, we're starting to see the trapped eye in quantum computer. You get a dynamic potential. Well, I've got some videos on it today. 62 00:09:03.778 --> 00:09:12.418 Proponents think it's better than the transmission cube beds, but the transplant cubic types would disagree. Who's right. I don't know. 63 00:09:12.418 --> 00:09:16.619 On the trap guy in Cuba. 64 00:09:17.183 --> 00:09:31.823 Typically, 79 ions in a straight line are 11 ions that are more complex thing. We've seen quantum annealing. That's D wave it optimizes a function by tunneling through from a local minimum to a more global minimum. Perhaps. 65 00:09:32.938 --> 00:09:42.418 And there's another 1 for, which is a new thing, which operates cutting designer do mostly at room temperature. 66 00:09:43.073 --> 00:09:55.313 Okay, so so, basically, for so far, Joseph in junctions, trapped ion, quantum annealing and tonic support technologies, that's not exhaustive. 67 00:09:55.313 --> 00:09:58.193 I think there might be some other things that people are trying also. 68 00:09:58.469 --> 00:10:07.798 Companies, there's a lot of companies in it. Ibm we've seen a lot about. 69 00:10:07.798 --> 00:10:12.599 And this is the copy from stuff I showed you before Intel. 70 00:10:12.599 --> 00:10:21.989 I don't know that. I've mentioned it to you yet. I forget they have a machine called tangle lake produced in Oregon. That's 49. 71 00:10:21.989 --> 00:10:27.599 And they're partnering with Q tech in the Netherlands, and they've got a website here that we can. 72 00:10:27.599 --> 00:10:32.489 We can look at, I mean, look at Nintendo. 73 00:10:34.168 --> 00:10:39.719 Yeah, so you can browse too if you want to learn more about. 74 00:10:39.719 --> 00:10:44.219 About intel's. Okay. 75 00:10:45.599 --> 00:10:50.818 Okay, so IBM, an Intel Google. 76 00:10:50.818 --> 00:10:54.298 Mentioned they're doing trans Mon. 77 00:10:54.298 --> 00:11:03.178 Cube it's also their current machine is a sycamore was 54 they built it was 54 cube. It's 1. fam just got 53 cube with a. 78 00:11:03.178 --> 00:11:11.249 4 by 4, Y, con activity. So and I showed you the, some of these things. 79 00:11:13.649 --> 00:11:17.219 Course companies D, wave that does the quantum and kneeling. 80 00:11:18.418 --> 00:11:22.318 And I showed you these sorts of things before a lot of them. 81 00:11:23.214 --> 00:11:36.923 Company I'll talk about today a little, as I on Q data with the trap they got founder, some college park and go cap guy, and they named 32 Cubics and they claim that the trap guy has lower error rate and an excellent quantum volume. 82 00:11:36.923 --> 00:11:38.484 The quantum volume. 83 00:11:39.479 --> 00:11:44.999 Is a formula to estimate how much sexual serious work you can do on the machine. 84 00:11:44.999 --> 00:11:49.469 And I, in queue will be available from Microsoft and Amazon. 85 00:11:49.469 --> 00:11:53.009 That's how some companies do it, is that they. 86 00:11:53.009 --> 00:12:06.208 Browse to 70 pages we'll have a video or 2 on this. If you have a quantum machine and you want to make it available to the public, you can make it available directly as IBM did. For example. 87 00:12:06.208 --> 00:12:11.399 Or you can make it available as a service from 1 of the cloud computing companies. 88 00:12:11.399 --> 00:12:23.908 The 6 companies, Honeywell, they're a very big company. Good reputation, electrical engineering. They have a trapped die on machine with 10 cube. 89 00:12:23.908 --> 00:12:27.509 Which has what they claim are some nice features. 90 00:12:27.509 --> 00:12:33.119 And it's only 10, they claim it's full conductivity between attend cube. It. 91 00:12:33.119 --> 00:12:39.658 And and then you can also read an isolated Cupid and mid computation without collapsing. The others. 92 00:12:39.658 --> 00:12:54.538 This is a useful thing, your typical architecture, you do some quantum computation and then you collapse all the cube bits simultaneously down to classical pits and then you can read them while you can collapse just 1 of them. 93 00:12:54.538 --> 00:12:59.399 And they also high rise rotations so. 94 00:12:59.399 --> 00:13:08.339 I may have more on Honeywell later, but doing just a summary. So if you think of the state of a cubic in polar notation, these. 95 00:13:08.339 --> 00:13:16.859 Circle diagrams then there's an angle. The cubic state has an angle has a phase. 96 00:13:16.859 --> 00:13:25.889 And the operators actually boiled down to rotating the cubax phase about some access. 97 00:13:25.889 --> 00:13:31.379 And if it's like a transmen cube, bet, you do the rotation by tickling it with a microwave. 98 00:13:31.379 --> 00:13:35.969 And I guess the more you take a look with the mercury, it the more it rotates. 99 00:13:35.969 --> 00:13:43.438 So, Honeywell claims that they're with a trap dye and is they can do high rise rotations by small angles. 100 00:13:43.438 --> 00:13:48.958 And J. P Morgan, which I guess is possibly the world's largest bank is. 101 00:13:48.958 --> 00:13:58.918 Experimenting with it. Okay. Um, and then I got some more sites to and I do more detail on Honeywell later. I just want to give you a summary. 102 00:13:58.918 --> 00:14:03.208 Small company or ex IBM. 103 00:14:03.208 --> 00:14:12.418 They're based in Berkeley, they they have a web page, which is very professionally produced. 104 00:14:12.418 --> 00:14:16.438 Technical details are a little sparse. 105 00:14:16.438 --> 00:14:19.589 To take a skeptical viewpoint. 106 00:14:19.589 --> 00:14:25.558 Does I play the stock market along the side? I don't always believe what companies tell me. 107 00:14:25.558 --> 00:14:32.788 Um, I tend to suspect ever gaddy is better than raising venture capital than perhaps dosing stuff. 108 00:14:32.788 --> 00:14:36.958 But maybe I'm being unfair they certainly made some nice optimistic promises like. 109 00:14:36.958 --> 00:14:43.438 2008 cubic Zana do other company. 110 00:14:43.438 --> 00:14:50.908 Is using using photons it's mostly at Red room temperature. I think there are some components that are colder. 111 00:14:50.908 --> 00:14:55.889 And so the big thing about the company, like Zana do. 112 00:14:55.889 --> 00:15:04.349 And again, may talk about it more later is the room temperature part. It's if we're thinking, could you have a quantum computer in your office? 113 00:15:04.349 --> 00:15:10.739 Well, if you have to get down to point 0, 1, Kelvin 10 Mela Kelvin. 114 00:15:10.739 --> 00:15:17.759 It was the dilution fridge. It's be a little while before that fits in your office. Well, conventional machines of course. 115 00:15:17.759 --> 00:15:22.019 Started out bigger also so. 116 00:15:23.188 --> 00:15:27.298 In any case, they also free tools, which are nice. 117 00:15:27.298 --> 00:15:41.278 And you can use and they expect to scale up better, lots of other companies, big ones and little ones, and so on and is a page and I may go see, was I'm a little more detail. So these companies so far, these 8 companies. 118 00:15:41.278 --> 00:15:46.288 Plus these other ones, their company's building quantum computers. 119 00:15:46.288 --> 00:15:49.798 Then there are what I call the aggregators, the cloud services. 120 00:15:49.798 --> 00:15:58.558 Of course, my definition of a cloud is the fuzzy thing in the distance that evaporates that warning, but. 121 00:15:58.558 --> 00:16:04.048 Just being unkind. So the 2 biggie so, Amazon and Microsoft. 122 00:16:04.048 --> 00:16:09.928 Of course, Google and IBM is down was like 2% of the market. I think. 123 00:16:09.928 --> 00:16:13.499 And Amazon packet, Microsoft. 124 00:16:13.499 --> 00:16:16.979 You are doing some of that for homework. 125 00:16:16.979 --> 00:16:20.849 And talked about some of them may talk a little more detail. So. 126 00:16:20.849 --> 00:16:33.509 I got blurbs, so if you wanted to start yourself working with quantum computing, picks up the account, you set up for the homework or something, and play with different hardware things. There. 127 00:16:33.509 --> 00:16:46.739 Algorithms this is everything I told you before, so I won't go through it again. Well, 1 thing is the algorithms a lot of them are probabilistic or noise. You see, maybe a 1000 times. 128 00:16:46.739 --> 00:16:56.188 Is actually, I, I want to talk about the noise, although I may not have talked about it enough. There are 2 issues with the algorithms issue number 1. 129 00:16:56.188 --> 00:17:02.969 Is that when you do the measurement, you choose a basis system and you. 130 00:17:02.969 --> 00:17:15.959 The measurement operator projects, the queue, but to a classical fit to 1 of the basis factors in your chosen basis system and it's probabilistic. It's random which. 131 00:17:15.959 --> 00:17:19.798 Basis factor it projects down to depending on. 132 00:17:19.798 --> 00:17:32.068 The amplitude of the cube had expressed that basis system. So you have no way of knowing these amplitude. So you do you do the measurement operator? So. 133 00:17:32.068 --> 00:17:45.328 If you need to determine the amplitude, or even need to determine which phases operators are most likely you have to rerun the algorithm many times and do an average. So that's 1 type of noise randomness. 134 00:17:45.328 --> 00:17:59.334 And the measurement operate and 2nd type is that. The quantum operators may. The machine may simply be noisy. You look at the again. You look at the cubic and the polar notation. It's got a phase angle. 135 00:18:00.023 --> 00:18:09.503 Well, the phase angle may or may change a little, even if you didn't intended to change it, it has some very weak coupling to the outside universe. 136 00:18:09.778 --> 00:18:24.568 And so this is a problem, it's also a problem if you design a machine where your Cubics are better isolated from the outside universe, they're also harder to control and to measure. 137 00:18:24.568 --> 00:18:28.409 So, the isolation works both ways so there's a problem there. 138 00:18:29.578 --> 00:18:36.118 Any case you've seen all of these things for you're sick of them this I just copied out of my web pages and so on. 139 00:18:36.118 --> 00:18:44.219 So, on okay, software. Okay. Some points here that I have not really mentioned to, you. 140 00:18:44.219 --> 00:18:47.519 So, these quantum machines. 141 00:18:47.519 --> 00:18:54.778 The Cubics have, you know, they're laid out in a graph structure, like each IBM. 142 00:18:54.778 --> 00:19:01.858 Q, has as a graph structure as part of the documentation. And when you have a 2 cubin operator. 143 00:19:01.858 --> 00:19:05.759 It has to operate on 2 cubes that are adjacent. 144 00:19:05.759 --> 00:19:08.909 In the quantum machine that have a common edge. 145 00:19:08.909 --> 00:19:18.148 So, when you're sitting there with an interactive design tool, like the nice 1 that IBM has you dragging and dropping dropping quantum operators. 146 00:19:19.378 --> 00:19:25.019 You don't know if the inputs to an operator are adjacent. 147 00:19:25.019 --> 00:19:29.068 Well, the compiler that realizes this. 148 00:19:29.068 --> 00:19:34.288 Well, flip cube, flip it. Well. 149 00:19:35.578 --> 00:19:39.808 It will transpose cube to bring the 2 inputs. 150 00:19:39.808 --> 00:19:48.628 To be adjacent, so the, there's a compiler so to speak a low level compiler that's behind the scenes. You don't have to worry about. 151 00:19:48.628 --> 00:19:57.628 Mostly, except what it means is that the machine that's actually being built, has more gates in it than you would think, because it's got all of these. 152 00:19:57.628 --> 00:20:01.288 All these swaps is quantum swaps in it. 153 00:20:01.288 --> 00:20:06.179 And there may take several swamps to bring the 2 Cubics into adjacent. 154 00:20:06.179 --> 00:20:17.759 Another thing the compiler is going to have to worry about is if you have your 3 cube bit operators that going to be implemented in terms of 2 cube operators. I believe any case. 155 00:20:17.759 --> 00:20:23.249 So, you don't have immediately have to worry about is this affects the performance of the machine. 156 00:20:23.249 --> 00:20:30.959 Many cases, various open source projects. I talked to big 1 that IBM users. 157 00:20:30.959 --> 00:20:37.858 Um, it's interactive drag and drop and also you can program it and something. It looks like a Python. 158 00:20:38.969 --> 00:20:45.989 Well, is Python naturally, so there's some libraries and there's the competing ones also may look at them a little. 159 00:20:45.989 --> 00:20:53.788 Any case we saw 1 of the tutorials and so on. So software. 160 00:20:53.788 --> 00:21:03.898 The way a hardware company gets customers to use its hardware. Now what I'm telling you, this is not just quantum computing is generally in engineering. 161 00:21:03.898 --> 00:21:13.288 Is that you want to make it easy for potential customers to use your tools to buy your expensive toy? 162 00:21:13.288 --> 00:21:18.808 And 1 way to do that is to provide software to them to make it easy. So. 163 00:21:18.808 --> 00:21:22.858 And this is something IBM used to do. Um. 164 00:21:22.858 --> 00:21:29.368 There was there were many for many years. Ibm provided all the software for free. 165 00:21:29.368 --> 00:21:38.578 As part of their mainframe computers, the compilers scientific library was portraying at that time, it would provide scientific libraries. 166 00:21:38.578 --> 00:21:42.538 All that stuff was free. 167 00:21:42.538 --> 00:21:48.898 To get people to buy, watches to lease they didn't sell stuff to lease their mainframes. 168 00:21:49.763 --> 00:21:55.493 Now, eventually IBM had to stop that they were ordered to stop it by the by a court case. 169 00:21:55.854 --> 00:22:06.354 Because that was considered to be anti competitive is that if IBM was providing the software for free, then it prevented competitors from entering the market, for example. But any case. 170 00:22:06.778 --> 00:22:11.098 That was like, 50 years ago now today with. 171 00:22:11.098 --> 00:22:15.239 To quantum computing hardware, the companies want you to. 172 00:22:15.239 --> 00:22:18.449 By their quantum computers. 173 00:22:18.449 --> 00:22:22.138 We rent time on it, so they're spending time. 174 00:22:22.138 --> 00:22:34.078 Developing software to help you out and is doing that with the. So you look at go to invidious website. Just look at all the software tools that got available for free. 175 00:22:34.078 --> 00:22:47.459 Largely for free. Okay so there's the low level stuff. The drag and drop. Now there's a higher level thing that I may talk about more later called middleware. 176 00:22:47.459 --> 00:22:50.669 My section 8.2 here. 177 00:22:51.503 --> 00:23:04.794 And this is, I believe, the passive growing area, this is the higher level things in the compile. So these would be optimizing tools, tools, financial people and so on. 178 00:23:04.824 --> 00:23:12.564 So this, I am guessing would be the big money making thing. If you didn't have the money to try to develop a new. 179 00:23:12.838 --> 00:23:17.669 Solution fridge or a new thing to compete with IBM on the hardware. 180 00:23:17.669 --> 00:23:22.949 I would look into the middle where thing and. 181 00:23:22.949 --> 00:23:26.219 I mentioned, for example, Honeywell was. 182 00:23:26.219 --> 00:23:32.459 Talking to J. P. Morgan. My guess I'm being serious now. 183 00:23:32.459 --> 00:23:41.608 Is the way if some of you wanted to make money in quantum computing is to produce some really nice tools to help quantum computer is being used to. 184 00:23:42.054 --> 00:23:52.614 I got a price options in the stock market or something, whatever, something like that design drugs and then you'd have a chance of maybe selling it because you're competing with other people. The same idea. 185 00:23:53.213 --> 00:23:57.173 Okay that was so middle where I think is a growth area. 186 00:23:57.479 --> 00:24:05.519 More info this is every I showed you all of this stuff before miscellaneous. I've showed you all this stuff before and so on. 187 00:24:05.519 --> 00:24:16.199 And my summary is the quantum computing, I don't think has proved itself yet, but we're in the engineering phase. We basically know. 188 00:24:16.199 --> 00:24:24.838 What we're doing, we just have to work it out now, get it bigger, get it more reliable and get it cheaper. And then, and so on developed tools to use it. 189 00:24:24.838 --> 00:24:31.138 Some new signs came along. That would be great, but we've got several competing. 190 00:24:31.138 --> 00:24:45.778 Implementations of a cube, but we don't need more. That's a really cool. 1 came along. So I think this isn't done it again. They did it was Atomic Energy 100 years ago now. Actually almost. And I think they've done it again. So. 191 00:24:45.778 --> 00:24:50.608 And then this other stuff you've seen here. 192 00:24:50.608 --> 00:25:01.378 Um, and actually what I'm suggesting is to be agnostic with respect to the platform. I mean, I've presented a lot of IBM in this course that doesn't mean. 193 00:25:01.378 --> 00:25:09.058 You should learn only IBM I think you have more leverage, learning the different things. In fact, as I mentioned, some of those tools will. 194 00:25:09.058 --> 00:25:14.249 Basically, they claim I haven't tried it to it back ends on different machines. 195 00:25:14.249 --> 00:25:22.769 So this could be a great term project, even to try to see if that's true. Or B. S, do some small quantum problem and. 196 00:25:22.769 --> 00:25:26.038 Tried on back 3 different back ends and compare them. 197 00:25:26.038 --> 00:25:29.038 And worked in the middle layer I've actually. 198 00:25:29.038 --> 00:25:37.888 I'm nagging people at RPI is that we don't try to just to play catch up is to try to think of something interesting specific. 199 00:25:37.888 --> 00:25:43.318 With Greg and some other things gamify the thing, I don't know whatever. 200 00:25:43.318 --> 00:25:48.118 So, what do you think of this any comments. 201 00:25:48.118 --> 00:25:53.189 If you had to make a suggestion about what maybe should be doing in quantum computing. 202 00:25:53.189 --> 00:25:58.048 Where do you think we should go. 203 00:26:00.719 --> 00:26:05.398 Silence. 204 00:26:05.398 --> 00:26:10.919 Silence. 205 00:26:13.769 --> 00:26:25.229 Anyone have any ideas. 206 00:26:28.439 --> 00:26:36.989 You still, I'm learning mode about it. I may actually, this could actually even be a future homework question. 207 00:26:36.989 --> 00:26:42.118 Write me a page on where you think should go and quantum computing and justify it. 208 00:26:43.259 --> 00:26:46.679 Okay, so. 209 00:26:50.848 --> 00:26:55.469 Okay, so let's go to other new stuff now. Um. 210 00:26:57.449 --> 00:27:06.148 The summary I'd like to show you a little quantum computing. 211 00:27:06.148 --> 00:27:14.429 Short general quantum computing news before I get specific back into trapped di, and I'm looking at where contributions could be. 212 00:27:16.979 --> 00:27:20.578 Okay, thank you John. 213 00:27:23.699 --> 00:27:28.318 Would you like to unmute and tell us more about your idea or? No. 214 00:27:32.753 --> 00:27:43.134 See, can you hear me? Yeah, I can hear you just a 2nd yes. Yeah I guess I'm out. I know that. 215 00:27:44.544 --> 00:27:56.003 Mike is like IBM is looking at it for moving a lot of the electronics further into the dilution fridge to to try to solve a lot of the issues that they're having with, 216 00:27:56.723 --> 00:27:59.693 with just getting all that wiring into the dilution fresh. 217 00:27:59.723 --> 00:28:01.854 If they can get a lot of the control circuitry. 218 00:28:02.128 --> 00:28:05.459 Into the dilution fridge and make sort of like systems on a chip. 219 00:28:05.459 --> 00:28:10.469 It would help them a lot from the hardware perspective. That was just sort of 1 idea. I mean, I'm. 220 00:28:10.469 --> 00:28:14.939 More from like a intellectual engineering apartment um, like. 221 00:28:14.939 --> 00:28:18.538 Hardware design perspective I'm, I'm less of a software guy. 222 00:28:19.558 --> 00:28:23.729 Thanks so they're going to get economies of scale. They make the fridge bigger. 223 00:28:23.729 --> 00:28:28.138 And it doesn't cost proportionately more to run it. 224 00:28:29.249 --> 00:28:37.499 Yeah, and then they have less less losses from having to run all those microwave cables from outside the fridge into the bridge. 225 00:28:38.999 --> 00:28:42.298 Okay, nice. 226 00:28:43.499 --> 00:28:54.568 There's another thing IBM is doing I had a blurb here. I forgot to read it up is I think that IBM is trying to entangled their quantum computers at different sites. 227 00:28:54.568 --> 00:28:58.798 Given the fact you can transport and then Tango cube bit. 228 00:28:58.798 --> 00:29:05.368 So, they can entango effectively entangle machine at your town with a machine and. 229 00:29:05.368 --> 00:29:09.778 I don't know Zurich or something. 230 00:29:09.778 --> 00:29:12.808 Then they've increased the power exponentially. 231 00:29:12.808 --> 00:29:20.999 Yeah, I know that 1 thing that they have to do for that is like a microwave to transaction essentially. 232 00:29:20.999 --> 00:29:27.028 Convert the microwave signals that come out of the cubital to to photons so that it can be. 233 00:29:27.028 --> 00:29:31.229 Transferred between between the different sites or different computers. 234 00:29:31.229 --> 00:29:34.858 So, I think right now that's a pretty major challenge for them. 235 00:29:34.858 --> 00:29:38.189 Okay, oh, hope they succeed. 236 00:29:39.239 --> 00:29:48.298 And again, I think the company's riding on this, I said, what do they got to present or 4% of the cloud computing market the number 4 5. 237 00:29:48.298 --> 00:29:51.298 Yeah, so but Here's something where there's a leader. Cool. 238 00:29:51.298 --> 00:29:54.388 Anyone else have anything you'd like to contribute. 239 00:29:56.189 --> 00:30:00.148 Anything you'd like to say no. 240 00:30:00.148 --> 00:30:07.229 Well, while you're thinking, let me show a couple of short videos and then some are all of the. 241 00:30:07.229 --> 00:30:11.669 Google 1, did anyone watch the Google 1 on your own or not? 242 00:30:11.669 --> 00:30:16.888 Okay, no, well, let's just like I said, see. 243 00:30:18.509 --> 00:30:22.709 It's a few minutes long, but there better speakers and I am so. 244 00:30:22.709 --> 00:30:27.358 Hey, guys, quantum computing news are coming in every week. Now. 245 00:30:27.358 --> 00:30:31.318 This week we have news coming out of the U. S. and the U. K. 246 00:30:31.318 --> 00:30:39.298 The US invest, almost 1B dollars in quantum technologies and the U. K is building the 1st commercial quantum computer. 247 00:30:43.614 --> 00:30:56.574 On August, 26, the US announce, it's 5 year plan to ensure that the US remains the global leader in quantum technologies. The plan combines 625M in federal funds and 340M in company contributions. 248 00:30:56.604 --> 00:30:57.384 The companies include IBM, 249 00:30:57.443 --> 00:31:02.094 which is 1 of the leaders in quantum computing, 250 00:31:02.183 --> 00:31:09.683 and the only company that hosts a number of their quantum computers in the cloud for the public to use for free the 2nd companies, 251 00:31:09.683 --> 00:31:09.743 Microsoft, 252 00:31:09.743 --> 00:31:12.114 we're actively working on top illogical, 253 00:31:12.114 --> 00:31:20.094 which are Cubans that are inherently protected from noise still very much at the research stage and years. 254 00:31:20.663 --> 00:31:29.604 Maybe even decades away from the stage that IBM and Google is at superconducting charge qbr's, which have a significant amount of noise. 255 00:31:29.604 --> 00:31:42.773 In the meantime, Microsoft will provide cloud access to quantum computers from their partners via Microsoft, which is not available to the public just yet. But we'll probably launch in the near future. 256 00:31:46.199 --> 00:31:57.294 Then we have Intel who are building superconducting chips and researching spin Cubans. The 4th company is implied material, an American semiconductor company. 257 00:31:57.683 --> 00:32:02.423 And lastly, we have Lockheed Martin, the American aerospace and defense company. 258 00:32:03.058 --> 00:32:10.138 The U. S. quantum computing plan further specifies, 5, quantum computing centres, which are located. 259 00:32:10.138 --> 00:32:16.409 Are gone and Lawrence Berkeley National. 260 00:32:16.409 --> 00:32:23.818 Just a week later on September 2nd, the UK announcer own quantum computing plants. 261 00:32:23.818 --> 00:32:36.358 The U. K science minister amanda's Hathaway announced that the U K is going to build the country's 1st commercial quantum computer back by a 10M pound investment from the government and industry. 262 00:32:36.358 --> 00:32:49.169 The new quantum computers will be built in the new national quantum computing center in abington, Oxford, which is a small town next to Oxford in about 1 and a half hours away from London. 263 00:32:49.169 --> 00:33:00.239 The quantum computer will be built by the California and quantum computing startup, or getting rough recently, made their own existing quantum computers available via a WS. 264 00:33:00.239 --> 00:33:09.328 A quantum computer will be built in partnership with various organizations such as the University. Edinburgh, Oxford. 265 00:33:09.328 --> 00:33:16.108 Standard charter bank and face hey, guys. 266 00:33:16.108 --> 00:33:26.273 I hope you enjoyed the Super quick video. Unfortunately, I'm a bit busy at the moment. So I wasn't able to make a longer video, but I have longer videos in the works. So stay tuned for more. 267 00:33:26.784 --> 00:33:32.604 And also guys, if you enjoyed this video, please give it a like, and subscribe for more quantum computing content. 268 00:33:39.239 --> 00:33:44.939 Silence. 269 00:33:44.939 --> 00:33:54.028 And I'll do a later 1 also. So this is more up to you talked about as, or as there is now available. So that because. 270 00:33:54.028 --> 00:33:58.259 Was, you know, 1st video was 2 months ago so. 271 00:33:58.259 --> 00:34:03.358 Hey, guys. 272 00:34:03.358 --> 00:34:07.259 The last couple of weeks have been quite event for, for quantum computing. 273 00:34:07.259 --> 00:34:12.028 From the former head of quantum computing at Google, starting his new job. 274 00:34:12.028 --> 00:34:16.289 To Honeywell and I am Q dropping to iron trap punctures. 275 00:34:16.289 --> 00:34:20.938 Watch this video to find out what happened. 276 00:34:22.889 --> 00:34:26.668 Earlier this year, the quantum computing community was shocked. 277 00:34:26.668 --> 00:34:30.119 When John Martinez announced that he was leaving the Google. 278 00:34:30.119 --> 00:34:35.278 Quantum a I left where he led google's effort of building the quantum computer. 279 00:34:35.278 --> 00:34:43.228 John Martinez received his P. G and experimental physics from the University of California Berkley in 1987. 280 00:34:43.228 --> 00:34:50.309 Is a world renowned researcher working on superconducting Cubans and in 2014. 281 00:34:50.309 --> 00:34:53.338 He announced that Google had hired him and his lap. 282 00:34:53.338 --> 00:35:01.378 To build the 1st, quantum computers 5 years later in October 2019 our team his and his team. 283 00:35:01.378 --> 00:35:07.199 Announce to the world to their chief quantum supremacy under 53, Cuba device. 284 00:35:07.199 --> 00:35:16.378 Which means that they have successfully implemented a task on a quantum computer with no classical computer can do it any reasonable amount of time. 285 00:35:16.378 --> 00:35:19.679 I've actually made a whole video on quantum supremacy. 286 00:35:19.679 --> 00:35:23.278 Linked in the description in April 2020. 287 00:35:23.278 --> 00:35:29.878 Our team is surprisingly resigned from his role at Google to the confusion of the whole quantum computing community. 288 00:35:29.878 --> 00:35:41.039 Now, we know what is up to next genius, moved all the way to Sydney, Australia. 289 00:35:41.039 --> 00:35:45.418 Joined Silicon quantum computing you started was founded. 290 00:38:54.210 --> 00:38:59.429 Okay, I. 291 00:38:59.429 --> 00:39:03.179 So. 292 00:39:03.179 --> 00:39:07.440 There's connectivity issues here and. 293 00:39:07.440 --> 00:39:13.409 Assuming people can hear me, I'm running it off of my iPad. 294 00:39:13.409 --> 00:39:19.050 Well, thank you, John. Yeah, so I'm running it. I'm actually talking into the iPad now. 295 00:39:19.050 --> 00:39:25.170 Instead of the think pad, because I think pad lost conductivity. 296 00:39:25.170 --> 00:39:29.610 And I can't figure out why. 297 00:39:30.929 --> 00:39:42.210 If it comes back now, that would be nice and we give this let me try for a couple more minutes to see if I can get the. 298 00:39:42.210 --> 00:39:47.699 Think had connected chilly. 299 00:40:07.199 --> 00:40:13.079 I hate computers just a 2nd here. 300 00:40:13.079 --> 00:40:16.500 I have a backup plan or 2. 301 00:40:16.500 --> 00:40:24.960 Let me try a back up and we try backup plan or 2. 302 00:40:33.119 --> 00:40:38.190 Okay, what I'm trying to do now is use my phone as I. 303 00:40:38.190 --> 00:40:41.280 Wi, Fi, base station and connect. 304 00:40:41.280 --> 00:40:45.000 Hello. 305 00:40:48.480 --> 00:41:02.190 So, it should be connected. Give me a minute. 306 00:41:24.989 --> 00:41:29.130 File WI, fi on. 307 00:41:46.199 --> 00:41:54.329 Okay. 308 00:42:32.550 --> 00:42:36.210 Okay. 309 00:42:36.210 --> 00:42:41.639 So, what I'm doing now. 310 00:42:41.639 --> 00:42:47.039 It is I, as a station. 311 00:42:47.039 --> 00:42:51.900 Aren't my computer? Oh. 312 00:43:04.619 --> 00:43:11.909 Oh, I just have to figure out a way. 313 00:43:12.960 --> 00:43:17.309 For things again, I would have to. 314 00:43:19.349 --> 00:43:22.349 After the. 315 00:43:24.179 --> 00:43:29.400 Is it sharing. 316 00:43:31.230 --> 00:43:38.519 Silence. 317 00:43:38.519 --> 00:43:42.659 Silence. 318 00:43:42.659 --> 00:43:52.380 For this, but. 319 00:43:52.380 --> 00:43:58.800 Oh. 320 00:43:58.800 --> 00:44:07.860 Silence. 321 00:44:07.860 --> 00:44:12.539 This is getting crazy. 322 00:44:16.769 --> 00:44:20.429 Silence. 323 00:44:22.110 --> 00:44:26.010 Yeah, I'm getting a lot. 324 00:44:29.579 --> 00:44:34.139 Silence. 325 00:45:31.110 --> 00:45:36.329 Silence. 326 00:45:46.320 --> 00:46:24.570 Silence. 327 00:46:25.800 --> 00:46:31.320 Um, perhaps seeing. 328 00:46:31.320 --> 00:46:35.519 A, as a global network page or not. 329 00:46:37.409 --> 00:46:42.030 Um. 330 00:46:45.570 --> 00:46:50.670 Now, you are finally, okay, great. 331 00:46:50.670 --> 00:46:56.579 Oh, where where are we, we were. 332 00:46:56.579 --> 00:47:02.880 Hear. 333 00:47:10.500 --> 00:47:15.210 Silence. 334 00:47:32.730 --> 00:47:43.679 Well, I'm about 2 minutes. 335 00:47:45.659 --> 00:47:49.739 Well, we might actually have a shorter class. 336 00:47:49.739 --> 00:47:53.940 Today, unless this happens. 337 00:47:58.619 --> 00:48:01.769 Well. 338 00:48:01.769 --> 00:48:07.769 Do is ask you to watch some of these on your own then. 339 00:48:07.769 --> 00:48:11.429 And so this is just a quantum computing news. Interesting. 340 00:48:13.139 --> 00:48:18.570 Well, let's see if I can, as this works, it's possible that a different video will come from a different server. 341 00:48:19.829 --> 00:48:29.219 Let's see, what's happening here is scalable. Okay Google superconducting. 342 00:48:35.940 --> 00:48:47.369 So, good morning, everyone, I'd like to welcome you to our next installment of the QR online seminar series. I'm extremely excited. 343 00:48:47.369 --> 00:48:52.559 Today to have Marissa, just Dana from the Google hardware team. 344 00:48:52.559 --> 00:48:56.610 Uh, here to tell us a bit about google's own approach to. 345 00:48:56.610 --> 00:48:59.639 Uh, building a scalable quantum computer um. 346 00:48:59.639 --> 00:49:03.539 Marissa versus background is in engineering actually. 347 00:49:03.539 --> 00:49:07.860 Uh, but, uh, while she was doing her engineering, um. 348 00:49:07.860 --> 00:49:14.369 Studies kind of found out about this thing called quantum Spence and started doing. 349 00:49:14.369 --> 00:49:18.659 Uh, whatever she could, and after that decided that the only place to really learn. 350 00:49:18.659 --> 00:49:24.360 Uh, about quantum science properly was to go to the group event on dialing in Indiana. 351 00:49:24.360 --> 00:49:27.449 Um, which is where I had. 352 00:49:27.449 --> 00:49:31.530 Why, where I think a real 1 for the month, and. 353 00:49:31.530 --> 00:49:36.809 In now though they're multiple possible. 354 00:49:36.809 --> 00:49:40.380 System that can realize I. 355 00:49:40.380 --> 00:49:47.159 Beyond almost the smallest system that can be realize beyond classical. 356 00:49:47.159 --> 00:49:51.210 Moments and after when she was. 357 00:49:51.210 --> 00:49:57.150 Have 1 of the very 1st, experiments of loophole free built. 358 00:49:57.150 --> 00:50:05.940 Very, very impressive. And after that, she joined the Google hardware team, and now she's working on 1 of the largest. 359 00:50:05.940 --> 00:50:10.139 Quantum systems we have to date for. 360 00:50:10.139 --> 00:50:16.050 Studying beyond classical performance, so with that, I'd like to pass over to Marissa. 361 00:50:16.050 --> 00:50:19.409 So very much looking forward to talk. Thank you very much for joining us. 362 00:50:20.849 --> 00:50:25.079 Well, thank you very much and thank you for that. Fun introduction. 363 00:50:25.079 --> 00:50:30.000 I am going to share as Nathan said a bit about. 364 00:50:30.000 --> 00:50:34.349 The technology that we've been developing the work that we've been doing. 365 00:50:34.349 --> 00:50:39.000 Within the Google largely within a Google hardware effort, because I am emptied. 366 00:50:39.000 --> 00:50:42.329 Experimental list, or a hardware engineer kind of both. 367 00:50:42.329 --> 00:50:45.630 And so with. 368 00:50:45.630 --> 00:50:49.769 That let me start actually with a bit of background or a bit of introduction. 369 00:50:49.769 --> 00:50:53.280 To the whole effort as a whole. 370 00:50:53.280 --> 00:51:01.530 So, when did Google get started actually trying to build a quantum computer and it goes back to. 371 00:51:01.530 --> 00:51:04.920 Hardwood even was the, the founder of the. 372 00:51:04.920 --> 00:51:11.699 Google, a, I, quantum group and he's actually a computer vision. Experts is a classical computer scientist. 373 00:51:11.699 --> 00:51:21.809 With a focus on teaching computers to see to recognize images. And as you can imagine, there are a lot of very difficult optimization problems within that field. 374 00:51:23.429 --> 00:51:34.619 Quantum computing, and in 2012 he started wondering. Okay. Well, what is quantum computing and how might it be relevant? And he managed to convince Google to give him a little bit of. 375 00:51:34.619 --> 00:51:45.925 Time and resources manpower to start investigating this and already 2 years later, they decided what we'd like to build our own quantum computer. 376 00:51:45.925 --> 00:51:52.164 They also had started leasing a wave machine and started playing with that. But. 377 00:51:52.590 --> 00:51:58.289 And also like to build it ourselves of course, Google doesn't know how to build a quantum computer. They're. 378 00:51:58.289 --> 00:52:08.309 There are no quantum hardware people there and so they acquired the group of John Martinez at UC Santa Barbara in 2014. 379 00:52:08.309 --> 00:52:13.679 And gradually as students who were working in that group graduated many of them. 380 00:52:13.679 --> 00:52:18.809 Also interviewed and started working at Google, so that whole team gradually migrate or to Google. 381 00:52:18.809 --> 00:52:28.260 And now, in 2020, we're up to 70, I think, over 70 people at this point, and we're largely located in 3 different locations. We have. 382 00:52:28.260 --> 00:52:31.769 The Los Angeles office, which is where was. 383 00:53:41.280 --> 00:53:53.489 Can you hear me if I talk? Yeah. That's true. Well, let me start the video again. I mean, see if that we get to. 384 00:53:53.489 --> 00:54:00.360 Provide software tools that allow us to make the hardware. We're building in Santa Barbara. 385 00:54:00.360 --> 00:54:09.539 Outside of Santa Barbara and in particular I'm sorry. 386 00:54:09.835 --> 00:54:17.184 Okay, for our 1st customer 1st, you would say our, our own serous who are sitting in LA. 387 00:54:17.394 --> 00:54:26.545 So with that, let's let's look down this path that you want to build a useful quantum computer. That is the mandate of. 388 00:54:26.639 --> 00:54:29.699 Of my team, what what do you do. 389 00:54:29.699 --> 00:54:39.690 Uh, well, let's break that down useful quantum computer. Let's let's start with the noun and work backwards through the adjectives. What's a computer? It's a machine that can perform computational tasks. 390 00:54:39.690 --> 00:54:47.940 And if we want a quantum version of that, that effectively means that we need to have a controllable, many cubic system. 391 00:54:47.940 --> 00:55:00.989 And that means that you need to be able to harness zillions of probability amplitude. So, this is already starting to sound a little and complex that on top of that we want it to be useful. And what does that mean? Well. 392 00:55:00.989 --> 00:55:06.449 Believe that means it needs to be universal error corrected machine. That's the. 393 00:55:06.449 --> 00:55:11.789 Space in which we know that interesting quantum algorithms exist and that required. 394 00:55:13.050 --> 00:55:16.739 And in practice in in hardware land. 395 00:55:16.739 --> 00:55:29.130 To build actual error corrected hardware, not only that it needs to be good for something. And that means that you really need to have a good handshake between the hardware developers and the developers. 396 00:55:29.130 --> 00:55:33.780 So that good for something quantum computer can actually be good for something. 397 00:55:33.780 --> 00:55:41.400 So, okay, you've identified your requirements list. What do you do next? Any any good? The engineer would start by building a prototype. So. 398 00:55:43.679 --> 00:55:48.329 Well, let's go through the list forward this time. If this is effectively the out. 399 00:55:48.329 --> 00:55:55.320 So, we want something that's error correction, compatible at interface with algorithm developers. 400 00:55:55.320 --> 00:56:01.530 Let's dig into that. 1st, so we are particularly interested in. 401 00:56:01.530 --> 00:56:10.769 The surface code, and this is a 2 dimensional. This is this is accessible through a 2 D array of Cubans. 402 00:56:10.769 --> 00:56:23.369 Each with nearest neighbors are laid out, like a checkerboard current estimates, suggest that we will need about a 1000 physical cubes in order to achieve a single logical Cupid. 403 00:56:23.369 --> 00:56:29.760 And that would be useful fault, tolerant, quantum computer at, around a 1000000. 404 00:56:29.760 --> 00:56:39.960 Physical Cubics up until the end of last year the state of the art in publications was only around 10 Cubans. So there's several orders of magnitude between. 405 00:56:39.960 --> 00:56:43.170 So, where you are, and where you would like to be. 406 00:56:43.170 --> 00:56:58.105 And, okay, if we want to start building a prototype, it doesn't mean that doesn't have to be the full 1M Cuban system. But what can we do with this prototype? Well, if we could get to a 1000 Cubans, we know we could start test error correction. We can start making that 1. 407 00:56:58.199 --> 00:57:02.730 Logical cubic module, but that's still pretty far away. 408 00:57:02.730 --> 00:57:07.230 There's another interesting spot though. We know. Is that. 409 00:57:08.309 --> 00:57:21.809 Your laptop can simulate and emulate, in essence, a small group of pivots, but once you get to, around 15 Cubans, there is no classical that can actually simulate that system. And so such a. 410 00:57:23.820 --> 00:57:28.889 Performance Stevens, they reach into a space that no other tool reach. 411 00:57:32.010 --> 00:57:35.670 Now. 412 00:57:44.250 --> 00:57:49.469 Which makes him very interesting and we could imagine that there may be some interesting. 413 00:57:51.059 --> 00:57:54.210 Silence. 414 00:58:05.400 --> 00:58:10.260 Application. 415 00:58:12.210 --> 00:58:16.500 Between that 50 cubic area and the. 416 00:58:16.500 --> 00:58:16.980 Now, 417 00:58:17.275 --> 00:58:17.454 you 418 00:58:17.454 --> 00:58:35.215 silence. 419 00:58:37.230 --> 00:58:41.760 Universal fault tolerant computer added in. 420 00:58:41.760 --> 00:58:48.989 That means, or that suggests that this 50 cubic range would be a good place to stick our prototype. And so indeed. 421 00:58:48.989 --> 00:58:58.920 For our prototype, we decided we would aim for something around 50 events, and we would make it a 2 dimensional array so that it would be forward compatible with the error corrections. 422 00:58:58.920 --> 00:59:03.570 Would like to pursue in the future then of course, we need to have a good interface. 423 00:59:05.610 --> 00:59:10.949 Okay. 424 00:59:15.360 --> 00:59:21.780 With the people who would like to use this prototype and and its successors so. 425 00:59:21.780 --> 00:59:25.829 As I mentioned, there's this intermediate. 426 00:59:31.199 --> 00:59:38.159 Okay. 427 00:59:39.179 --> 00:59:47.429 Silence. 428 00:59:47.429 --> 00:59:54.750 I era, we call that and noisy, intermediate scale, quantum regime and. 429 00:59:54.750 --> 00:59:59.670 That's a space before we've reached a fully fully are corrected system. 430 01:00:03.210 --> 01:00:11.280 Silence. 431 01:00:12.690 --> 01:00:17.579 But where we could hope that there is some. 432 01:00:17.579 --> 01:00:22.590 Interesting algorithms to be developed and discovered and. 433 01:00:22.590 --> 01:00:26.070 By necessity, these algorithms will be hardware specific. 434 01:00:26.070 --> 01:00:33.599 The universal fault, tolerant, quantum computer you can in some level of abstraction for your interactions. 435 01:00:38.550 --> 01:00:47.460 Silence. 436 01:00:50.159 --> 01:01:02.400 Okay, any algorithm developer really needs quite aware of the specific strengths and limitations. 437 01:01:02.400 --> 01:01:06.659 Of the processor that they're developing the algorithm for, you can't. 438 01:01:09.480 --> 01:01:19.289 Okay. 439 01:01:19.289 --> 01:01:22.650 Okay, got it. 440 01:01:22.650 --> 01:01:28.440 Okay, I give up and and. 441 01:01:39.030 --> 01:01:43.889 Okay, um, it was in the news, um. 442 01:01:43.889 --> 01:01:47.280 It Google that YouTube was having problems. 443 01:01:47.280 --> 01:01:55.409 And, I don't know, I may try to download some of the YouTube videos in advance, but. 444 01:01:55.409 --> 01:01:58.980 This is getting crazy if it's going to cause problems every. 445 01:01:58.980 --> 01:02:12.030 Every few minutes, it makes a video unwatchable. So I'm open to discussions if anyone wants discussions. And so on other than that, we have and early. 446 01:02:12.030 --> 01:02:15.269 We will have an early class, so. 447 01:02:15.269 --> 01:02:22.469 Let me just see if I can start off a, um. 448 01:02:25.050 --> 01:02:29.280 Chat window and okay. 449 01:02:32.159 --> 01:02:39.300 Okay, so chat window and. 450 01:02:39.300 --> 01:02:44.519 Maybe sound. 451 01:02:45.900 --> 01:02:51.900 Open for discussions else. 452 01:02:51.900 --> 01:02:57.630 And we're going in the class early, so. 453 01:02:57.630 --> 01:03:05.670 If anyone has any comments, this is a very interesting video, but if it's getting interrupted every minute or 2, then what. 454 01:03:05.670 --> 01:03:12.659 What can we do? So feel free to watch finish off this video if you want, or? I'll play the rest. 455 01:03:12.659 --> 01:03:19.019 Or I'll play it on Monday maybe. Um, we have a guest lecture on Monday also, I think, in a. 456 01:03:19.019 --> 01:03:23.130 Play some of the other videos other than that. 457 01:03:24.389 --> 01:03:27.690 Um, just a 2nd. 458 01:03:29.190 --> 01:03:32.429 Sorry about the technical problems. 459 01:03:32.429 --> 01:03:37.079 I don't know a good solution. I don't want to have you on all you guys waiting. 460 01:03:37.079 --> 01:03:40.289 All I played with thing after thing after thing. So. 461 01:03:40.289 --> 01:03:44.760 Have a good weekend unless you have a. 462 01:03:44.760 --> 01:03:48.719 Any comments or anything you'd like to discuss. 463 01:03:49.315 --> 01:04:04.105 Suggestions about things, so you're welcome.