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Okay, good afternoon. Everyone, this is quantum computer programming class 14. I've got the chat window open on my iPad, so.

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I can see questions with suck and I'm assuming you can hear me.

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Great thanks corner. Okay.

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So, what I've got for today.

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Is a lot of videos from YouTube and other places that show you various aspects because YouTube speakers.

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I think they possibly some people might argue that they.

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I can talk better than I do.

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So, we can just figure out.

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How to share.

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Not this 1.

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Silence.

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Okay, technology sometimes works.

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Keep me off guard. Okay. So, let me just run through the sorted things today and for these videos, I'm.

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Probably just going to show parts of some of them. And the idea is that if you like them, then you can see the right. You can see the rest of them. So, I've got some stuff on physics and some of the stuff you've seen before some of it.

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You haven't I've got some pointers to some stack, stack exchange groups on topics on and.

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I've got some stuff on algorithm to help you with the homework.

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And then some videos and quantum out hardware, we've been talking about things sort of computer sciencey, point of view. Largely I've been alluding to the hardware, but now this will get us down to.

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Or details just mentioned something called acute tech Academy. It's based in Delta, which has a lot of really nice videos.

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Then I'll have some stuff on T wave. That's that.

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Company that does quantum annealing and there's the teaser on some upcoming topics.

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And let's see.

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Audio video or so 5 minutes is a good introduction to weirdness and seeing things from a different point of view will help you.

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Was he was fine I mean, many of you have heard of him I guess he was a physicist in the Manhattan project.

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I've done a lot of crazy things, like safe breaking and so on at the Manhattan project, and he was.

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Also, after the NASA Challenger disaster in 1986, he was on the commission that investigated it.

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And I guess became publicly famous by taking some of the old material, putting it in a glass of ice water and showing how it got wasn't flexible anymore.

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So, a little blurb about that, and it's fun. This is an extract from a longer video. So let's see.

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If this works.

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Behaved very differently than anything.

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That was big, anything that you are familiar with, because you see as the animal evolves and.

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On spring, all that gets used to handling the brain.

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Sign for ordinary circumstances, but if the.

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Got particles that deep inner working with, by some other rules and so.

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Some of the characters they behave differently. They were very different.

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Than anything on the lines, but then there would be some kind of difficulty understanding.

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That difficult.

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We are in the behavior things are a small scale is so fantastic.

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It's so wonderful for each different. So wirelessly different than anything that behaves on a lot.

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Say, electrons act like wait no, they don't.

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They act like particles no, they don't. Exactly.

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The kind of a fog no, they don't. Exactly.

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Then you would like to get a clear.

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Drop picture of an ad so that you can tell exactly how it's going to behave. Correct? And I have a good image. In other words, a really good image of reality.

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I know how to do it, because that image has to be mathematical. We have a mathematical expressions.

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Right just automatically I don't understand how it is, but we can write mathematical expression and calculate.

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But the thing is going to do without actually being able to picture.

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It would be something like a computer that you put certain numbers in and have the formula for it. What.

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Time the car will arrive at different destinations and the thing does the arithmetic to figure out what kind car rise at different destinations, but cannot picture the car.

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It's just doing the rest, so we know how to do the arithmetic, but we cannot picture.

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The car, it's not 100% because.

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For certain approximate situation for a certain kind of approximately.

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That is simply a fog around the nucleus that we.

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Please it is very good from the stains.

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That is a way which does this and that is very good for some other for.

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All right, so when you're working with certain particular.

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Us things, behavior Adams, for instance, when I was talking about temperature.

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And so forth that just little balls is good enough and it gives a very nice picture of temperature. But if you ask.

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Specific question you get down to the question, like.

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How is it that when you cool helium down? Even absolute 0T whether it's not supposed to be any motions.

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It's a perfect grower that has many viscosity has no resistance perfectly. And this is.

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Well, if you want to get a picture that has all of that in it, I can't do it, but I can explain why the helium phase as it does by taking my equations and sewing.

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Has it has observed the base so we know we have the theory, right?

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But we haven't got the pictures that will go with us.

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Chris, we're limited and haven't caught on to the right.

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Or is that because there aren't any right pictures?

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For people who have to make pictures of things.

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That are familiar to them it's still a school of.

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I cannot believe that the atomic behaviors.

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So, different than I think that's a prejudice.

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The practice will be so here's the logic and they're always sick.

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Trying to wait for the day that we discover that underneath the content.

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There's some mundane, ordinary.

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Walls head of our particle I think they're going to be defeated.

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I think nature's imagination is so much greater than man. She's never going to let us.

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Relax.

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Silence.

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Okay now continuing the physics thing, something by.

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Cohen Hogan at Delphi.

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60% for your team's time, goes to doing things that.

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They, they just called me back that apparently there's a golden rule.

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In book publishing that says that.

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With every formula you show you lose half of your audience.

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I have 2 of my 1st slide, but I only want to show you these formulas to illustrate if just a few symbols like s, equals end times a.

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We can describe a wealth of phenomena now from the.

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Around the sun from a ball game from your bike, right? Everything.

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Or if you're a communication person, you may like, Mexico's equation.

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Everything we do with our radio or mobile phone communication, or.

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Actually, the fact that we see each other, it's all described, but it's very simple.

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Maxwell equation that you see here, it's so simple. It describes basically.

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These 2 equations describe basically everything in our daily life.

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But there's more sites, our classical world. There's also a quantum mechanical world.

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This is the world of atoms molecules, the various small particles and again, we have a very simple looking equation.

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It has a Greek symbol in it that makes it a little bit obscure, but otherwise it's it's fairly short.

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And please be impressed that this equation the equation.

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Describes all of chemistry so, in some sense, because our bodies are the big chemical factories.

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With all the atoms held together by quantum, mechanical glue.

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Our existence is thanks to quantum mechanics.

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But maybe with this 3rd equation and losing another half of the audience.

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So many people think of these small particles are not my thing.

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Or formulas no, that's I never have understood that.

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I'm more of the human scale. How do I.

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Deal things, or or hear things, or maybe even touched it.

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In that case, you're the right person for me to talk to because I will not show any more formulas in my.

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Presentation, I will actually show you some quantum objects.

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But you can actually see, you can actually hear them.

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You can touch them, so let's start.

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It all starts actually up to a few minutes ago before I came on states, a quantum mechanics was describing very well, and very accurate. The world of atoms and molecules.

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Then at larger scale, and it already started our, our unit, the biological cell.

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It kind of stops embryologist.

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Takes the cell as the fundamental unit to build up.

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Biology, this is an enormous simplification because it completely ignores quantum mechanics.

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But it is as best as we can do at this moment.

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Larger objects like our hair, which is basically the smallest thing.

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You can see of our eyes or us, you know, that's all classical.

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But the small things can be described very accurately.

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The people who put forward this theory, the quantum theory.

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Or, actually, maybe they, they've made the.

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Now, the most, the greatest intellectual revolution of of of mankind.

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You see a picture here with on the 1st row very prominent.

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Albert Einstein, Katie, recognize him in the middle on this right? Left for us. There's henrick Lawrence our Dutch hero.

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And next to Laurence, we see Madame and many of these men in this picture.

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I've received the Nobel prize for their great work. There's 1 person who got the Nobel prize twice.

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That's actually the only woman in the picture, I'm pretty.

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So, it's true what they say that women have to.

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Performed twice as good in order to be part of the game.

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She did it, so.

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This is a 100 years ago. What's new? Well, doesn't day geniuses look like this.

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This is a group of brilliant people that form our group at the.

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But again, they are at the verge of a new content era.

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We are no longer studying.

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Atoms and molecules as given by nature, it cultures so that we actually.

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Design and make by using very advanced fabrication techniques.

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New objects much bigger, but it's still.

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Showed is this absurd quantum mechanical behavior.

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What is actually absurd about quantum mechanics? Why are we so excited about our quantum stuff?

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Let me give you 2 examples of absurd quantum.

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Mechanics, the 1st example is quantum, so a position.

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Let's take a particle, like an electron or something.

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And bring it into a ring structure at a particle. Can you take you upper arm to get to the exit?

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Or take the lower arm to get to the exit. Now, it actually happens in quantum mechanics is that the electron takes both arms at the same time simultaneously. Really?

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You know, it's sitting in the upper arm as well as in the lower arm at the very same time.

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And we noticed because we followed the particle, and we see that the exit of the ring it actually collides with itself.

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It bounces into itself and we observe this as interference.

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Such a position of being at 2 different locations at the same time.

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Can be very thoroughly checked all kinds of experiments.

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Part of superposition. The next example is the example of and tanglement.

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And we start very simple. We take.

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Say a red particle and a white particle very classical colors.

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Then the next step is that we bring them together.

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And we make the interact a little bit so we've been very close together so they feel each other.

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By virtue of this interaction.

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They become entangled, they take over each other's properties.

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In terms of color, they become white, reddish.

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Well, that's okay, the curious thing happens if we.

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Take them in tangle them and bring them apart.

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And while taking them apart, they remain untangled.

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Is still the wrong that's on the left for you still has some properties of the other particle, which can be at a very large distance as far as the.

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Size of the universe that's a so that's entanglement over a very long distance.

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Particles keep having each other's properties. So what can we do? Can we actually.

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Measure that well, the problem is that if we measure it, we have a classical, let's say color measurement apparatus.

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And the color measure, the is a classical thing so it can only give classical answers.

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So it says, I'd say red or white, so, as I say, well.

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Article on the left what is actually your color and I measure it.

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It says, for instance, red, but maybe you noticed that.

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The particle on the right at the same moment became white.

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And let's, let's check it again. I measure the last protocol.

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And the 1 on the on the right immediately becomes white.

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This because color is a conserved quantity in the universe.

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So, if something completely turns red, there's something else where it used to be tangled with.

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Is completely turning white and this action.

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Or, for a large distance, I remember it can be the size of the universe.

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It's part of this from your part, takes place instantaneous.

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Let me put it there the measurement of the color on the left particle immediately changes all sort of color. That's far away.

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And so if I do something here, and at the same time, I change something there.

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Without any signals traveling over to actually say, well, you just.

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Go there, there's nothing in between much faster than the speed of light.

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So this is a prediction from contract theory and 1 guy.

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I said that must be wrong. Any theory that predicts spooky action on a distance do something here change something there.

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That's that's a prediction that tells that the theory is wrong.

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Doesn't say it's possible tells the theory is wrong, but we also have other heroes in physics.

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This is the theoretical physicist called.

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And he said, that's, you know, let's not be part of with all these philosophical.

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You know, consequences of our theory, let's calculate and see what happens.

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I'm here to delve University of technology. We educate engineers actually guys like me.

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And our approach, you said that you feel challenged.

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We say, okay, let's do it. So what do we do.

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We take these 2 particles we bring them far apart and we make it a bit more complicated. We're bringing a 3rd particle.

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The green 1, the green 1, we bring to the last 1, and we make these 2 interact.

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Give them some interaction few, the breath carefully.

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See that at the same moment, but these to interact and share some color.

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Also the protocol on the right which was still entangled with the 1st 1.

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Also becomes green a little bit. The next is that I ask for color. Hey.

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Last particles, I do a caller measurement and they, for instance.

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Turn white, reddish at the same time.

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The 1 on the right becomes screen. So look for that I've done effectively.

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Let's start again, I'll bring in the green particle. The Tango.

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They're all signed up the 1 on the right I click 1 smart.

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And the 1 on the right is now green I have the green particle from the left universe.

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The right over a long distance in some things.

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So, there's teleportation is what we call, I'd say, absurd or strange or, you know, very odd.

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But we can do it and we actually do it and actually we do this in the lab.

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I mean, you've actually done so many times we actually made a student proof setup.

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I can tell you if set up a student proof.

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It's, you know, it's a very robust set up. All right so.

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What do we make? We want to make some, some, some stuff that we can actually use.

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And do something with 1st of all a very simple example of a.

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Lightbulb, it's a plain wire if you send a transfer the wire or is you excited by light?

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It also luminescence a little bit of a flight, but in this case, the wider is very small and certainly not in meters in diameter.

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Maybe you might coming along that the red arrow that you see.

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Be excited system there's some laser.

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We actually look what comes out of the wire if we do that. You actually see.

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It was a little bit of light coming out of the thing, right?

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That bright spot now, what is special about this bright spot that if you analyze it?

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It's a good detector. It actually comes out as a stream of individualized particles.

215
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1, by 1, it's no longer a stream of light is really.

216
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Granular 1 comes out the next, come out, et cetera and these are our photos that we use in these color experiments.

217
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To tailor part let me give you another example.

218
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Take a type of if you like, if you're more the hearing person.

219
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Let me take a string and with all our things deter or violin or whatever, it's probably the tension on the string the tone.

220
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Of the music goes up in frequency goes up.

221
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So, we've taken a very thin wire and only 1 nanometer in diameter.

222
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Suspended over a trench with climate.

223
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Very tightly concept contact. We excite the manager of different electric bills.

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It starts to vibrate and we hear the tone.

225
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Now, what is special about is.

226
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Particular vibration is that it's very small, so it's also very sensitive.

227
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So, if we add 1 electron on compensation of electrical charge to this.

228
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A little bit of extra tension into the.

229
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That changes the tone a little bit. Let me hear you.

230
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The composition could be a bit more interesting, but.

231
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The change in tone if you go from 1 level to the next level of change.

232
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Isn't just 1 particular individual electron.

233
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Here, let it here, I guess you here are individual.

234
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And it become audible. Let me give you the most recent example that come straight from the lab of my colleague Nadeau Carlo.

235
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And actually need to do something for this, because we have.

236
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The car lab actually made a box, you see the box already on the picture on the upper right with a few intellectual connectors to it.

237
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And if I get my blossom, you actually let me touch the box.

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All right and the box.

239
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Can hold it in my hands.

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Silence.

241
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What we're doing our group is to make small electronic elements.

242
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Elements that are so small that they can process information in a completely different way.

243
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Instead of having bits of 0T, and once you want to make superposition of bits as superposition of being 0T and 1 at the very same time.

244
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Do you want to make them on an electronic circuit and what they'll do Carlo has done is make 3 cubes. I'm going to.

245
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Yeah, I got the zoom in a little bit in a few seconds, but you already see the box with 3 Cubics in it.

246
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And these 3 Cubans, they can be put in a superposition.

247
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Or be entangled together in any arbitrary way that we wish.

248
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Let me see if the camera can actually show you the kids.

249
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Must be more zoom so this is my finger and so this is the size of the system.

250
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And you can, I hope you can see that there are 3.

251
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Black spots on this quartz plate.

252
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And these 3 black spots are about the centimeter away from each other.

253
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And these are our Cubics, the Cubans which are in a quantum so a position.

254
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And we can Tango different Cubans together.

255
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So, we're now on a chip of centimeter size.

256
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And so this is between the different given us about the centimeter, and we can perform all this quantum on this chip at a visible length.

257
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All right, so you've seen it now of course, it only works if the details are fabricated.

258
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Very, precisely. And the details are nanometer scale so it's not just that every.

259
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Centimeter object starts to behave mechanical. You really have to engineer.

260
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Very precise down to the nanometer scale. That's a picture that you see right here.

261
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Okay, let me zoom out a little bit.

262
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What are we trying to do here?

263
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Oh, we actually want to make quantum mechanical systems.

264
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And use the richness of quantum systems, like the extra possibilities of being sort of positions and they're having very fast teleportation over long distances also in technology.

265
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Can we make applications that are much more efficient?

266
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Do we have today and.

267
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Particularly, no, because we're in a lot of information.

268
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Business, we want to extend the quantum.

269
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The level of content from the atom to advancesearch that is already the case that's working very well. If you want to we want to bring it up to a higher level of complexity.

270
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A complete electronic circuit behaves quantum mechanical.

271
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It would win so much inefficiency. You would not believe it.

272
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And that would also make our catches obsessed.

273
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Only a few years ago people also in our field.

274
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We're saying that that's not going to happen. That's inherently impossible. Is quantum mechanics to bring them up to a larger scale of size.

275
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And complexity of the progress of the last few years.

276
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I can really say here and actually I'm saying it's for the 1st time in public.

277
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Now, is this clear that it will come.

278
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Yes, we will be able to make quantum circuits.

279
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And the quantum computer will only take maybe it.

280
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A decade later or so. All right let me go quote here.

281
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We're going to take home message. I started with some, some equations.

282
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According 1, for quantum mechanics, but there's 1 message that up to.

283
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A couple of minutes ago, quantum was only restricted to the small objects.

284
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But from now, now, it has arrived to the human skill.

285
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And we can see it, we can hear it.

286
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We can touch it. Thank you very much have a great day.

287
00:26:10.314 --> 00:26:24.983
Okay, and I'd like to show another video by David choose 1 of the leaders in quantum computing. It's a chance for you to see him and again just do talk about some of the fundamentals that we've seen before from a different direction.

288
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It's good to see some of the leaders in the field.

289
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Silence.

290
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I gotta get myself in an ad blocker.

291
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Yes, I mean, by important to the.

292
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We're out no small degree.

293
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I'm not so interested on the application scaling factor, large numbers and steal money to.

294
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Bank transactions or catch spies, but.

295
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What it is fundamentally, and what it possibly can tell us about the nature of reality.

296
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That's really why I'm interested in it as well. I'm I came to this from a physics.

297
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Our point of view, not a computation point. So.

298
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1 of the things that really attracts me about the theory of quantum computation is what it tells us about what.

299
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Kind of thing a lower physics is.

300
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It's been a mystery to philosophers and physicists for decades.

301
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Well, I think Eugene are called.

302
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The unreasonable effectiveness of mathematics in the natural sciences.

303
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Especially when we realize that the set of computable functions.

304
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Which are familiar to us that made of things like additional multiplication and so on from a mathematicians point of view.

305
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They form an infinite tiny subset.

306
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Of the set of all possible mathematical relationships.

307
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Yet, physics is made entirely.

308
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Out of those, and if it weren't, we wouldn't be able to know any physics.

309
00:28:09.929 --> 00:28:16.769
So, when it became more and more obvious.

310
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That computation is built into the laws of physics at a fundamental level.

311
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A lot of people immediately jumped to the conclusion. Oh, well, the reason that mathematics is useful in the physical sciences, is that the world is a computer.

312
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And we are just programs running in that computer or something like that. Or we're just a simulation running in a computer.

313
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Now, it seems to me that that misses the whole point.

314
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Of the, the lesson of the universality of computation for physics.

315
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Because it requires a notion of.

316
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What is, or isn't computable that is outside the physical world so that.

317
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It was, it was set by God or something to be a certain set and that's why.

318
00:29:00.328 --> 00:29:05.578
Our universe instantiate that set of mathematical relationships.

319
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Well, then you make that that doesn't solve the problem. You may as well have said with gold set up just how universe with those relationships it gets get out and remove the middle.

320
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So, I think the, the real, the important lesson of.

321
00:29:19.259 --> 00:29:23.249
Quantum of of the universality of computation as.

322
00:29:23.249 --> 00:29:27.088
Revealed by quantum computers to be part of physics.

323
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Is that computers can be built universal computers?

324
00:29:31.288 --> 00:29:35.788
Can be built within the US. That is really the amazing thing.

325
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Because, however, the universe was, you could imagine some kind of super computer with, with unknown mathematics that simulated.

326
00:29:44.189 --> 00:29:48.749
But the amazing thing about our universe is that you can make an object.

327
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Such a computer that can simulate any physical process. That's what universality is.

328
00:29:55.378 --> 00:30:04.709
And this object, the set of all, it's possible motions that is several possible programs that could be.

329
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Is in a 1 1 correspondence with the set of all possible motions of anything.

330
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That is a cash is telling us.

331
00:30:15.898 --> 00:30:22.378
Something about the universe from the inside, it's telling us something about what laws of nature actually are.

332
00:30:22.378 --> 00:30:25.769
Okay, now how does the quantum.

333
00:30:25.769 --> 00:30:29.338
Part help us when the.

334
00:30:29.338 --> 00:30:36.449
Theory of computation was 1st, discovered by by baggage and then developed by Alan Turing during the 19 thirties.

335
00:30:36.449 --> 00:30:40.679
It wasn't realized that this was a branch of physics at all.

336
00:30:40.679 --> 00:30:45.298
It would be rented as a branch of mathematics to study mathematical proofs.

337
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And the.

338
00:30:49.558 --> 00:30:56.818
The theory was built up from a conjecture that a certain type of.

339
00:30:56.818 --> 00:30:59.999
Abstract object maturing machine.

340
00:30:59.999 --> 00:31:04.528
Uh, could represent all things that could be computations now?

341
00:31:04.528 --> 00:31:08.788
What quantum computers and then.

342
00:31:08.788 --> 00:31:16.199
Historically, what happened after that is that people began to worry that the physical world might not be able to instantiate.

343
00:31:16.199 --> 00:31:19.259
These these operations perfectly.

344
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And that for the the, the real world might be a weaker kind of computer than material, it might be an idealization.

345
00:31:27.479 --> 00:31:33.419
Now, when we studied this more carefully, and and this is where you just become people to come in.

346
00:31:33.419 --> 00:31:41.729
We found that not only can a universal computer exist physically, but it's more powerful than a, to a machine.

347
00:31:41.729 --> 00:31:45.659
And what the mathematicians were doing unconsciously.

348
00:31:45.659 --> 00:31:49.588
Is that they, when they invented these abstract objects, they were.

349
00:31:49.588 --> 00:31:55.138
Applying that intuition about physical objects. They didn't know that. That's what they were doing.

350
00:31:55.138 --> 00:32:00.598
And because they were applying their intuition about physical objects, they got it wrong.

351
00:32:00.598 --> 00:32:07.558
They they thought about computing, right? Making marks of squares of paper and then as fireman remarks.

352
00:32:07.558 --> 00:32:15.808
They thought they understood paper, but in fact, paper, like, everything else is quantum mechanics and the real computation in the world.

353
00:32:15.808 --> 00:32:21.269
Is quantum computation the theory of computation is the theory of quantum computation.

354
00:32:21.269 --> 00:32:26.969
And that is a theory of physics. So that means that the theory computation is irretrievable.

355
00:32:26.969 --> 00:32:31.019
Within physics because of the quantum theory.

356
00:32:31.019 --> 00:32:39.388
Now, what is briefly the quantum theory of computation? How does that work? How is computation and quantum theory quantum mechanics.

357
00:32:39.388 --> 00:32:42.628
Integrated into a quantum theory of computation.

358
00:32:42.628 --> 00:32:51.509
A theory of computation within any laws of physics is the theory of how you can use physical objects.

359
00:32:51.509 --> 00:32:57.898
To represent abstract options, though, you want to represent the, the integers.

360
00:32:57.898 --> 00:33:04.288
1, 2, 3, and you can use physical objects like fingers to. So that will be 1. that's called 2. that's cool. 3. and so on.

361
00:33:04.288 --> 00:33:07.798
And the computers are ways of.

362
00:33:07.798 --> 00:33:12.868
Instantiating abstract objects and their relationships.

363
00:33:12.868 --> 00:33:17.278
In physical objects and their motion. So now.

364
00:33:17.278 --> 00:33:23.548
What happens with quantum computers is that we simply tag the deepest physical theory have quantum theory.

365
00:33:23.548 --> 00:33:35.638
And we say what kind of information processing does quantum theory in general allow and what does it not and that's the theory of contract. And when you do that, what do you 5 compared.

366
00:33:35.638 --> 00:33:38.818
With a classical computer, when you make.

367
00:33:38.818 --> 00:33:49.648
This quantum computer, you find the find a number of similarities, and we find the reasons why the touring theory worked as well as it did.

368
00:33:49.648 --> 00:33:55.798
And then you find a number of dramatic differences between the content, the content computers and.

369
00:33:55.798 --> 00:33:59.159
And classical computers, the 1, that's.

370
00:33:59.159 --> 00:34:03.659
Got the most attention is that the types of calculation.

371
00:34:03.659 --> 00:34:07.679
Quantum computer can perform it exponentially faster.

372
00:34:07.679 --> 00:34:11.608
Than any classical computer, so you could have.

373
00:34:11.608 --> 00:34:15.298
Felt comfortable because it is yet, but we haven't they will.

374
00:34:15.298 --> 00:34:19.378
And when when the conference theaters build a small continent computer with.

375
00:34:19.378 --> 00:34:24.449
With a few thousands of Cubans that that's the quantum annual fits.

376
00:34:24.449 --> 00:34:36.088
Compared to the billions of bits in our normal desktop yes. Or even our, even on mobile right? In other words, a very, very weak, comparatively weak contribution.

377
00:34:36.088 --> 00:34:39.809
Could could perform more computations simultaneously.

378
00:34:39.809 --> 00:34:48.509
Then could be performed by the entire visible universe if it was all made into. And when I say more, that's an understatement. Exponentially more.

379
00:34:48.509 --> 00:34:51.659
That, but only for certain types of.

380
00:34:51.659 --> 00:34:54.809
Computation and that's a token of the fact.

381
00:34:54.809 --> 00:35:01.588
That the whole notion of computation is different in the content. It's not that, like, with all classical computers.

382
00:35:01.588 --> 00:35:04.858
You can say that 1 computer is 10 times as fast as the other.

383
00:35:04.858 --> 00:35:12.989
With quantum computers, they are vastly faster than classical computers for some computations and the same for others.

384
00:35:12.989 --> 00:35:16.648
And interestingly, they're not slower.

385
00:35:16.648 --> 00:35:24.509
For any computations, because according to the future, among its abilities is to simulate a classical.

386
00:35:26.188 --> 00:35:30.719
Right. This moment there is a mad rush in America. Apple.

387
00:35:30.719 --> 00:35:34.708
Okay, don't know what happened in the middle of that.

388
00:35:35.909 --> 00:35:47.789
But, okay, now I've got some non graphic stuff here. I've got in stack exchange. There are 2 tag topics that could be relevant. Ibm. Q experience and.

389
00:35:47.789 --> 00:35:53.188
Kiss get so if you want to post questions and so on.

390
00:35:53.188 --> 00:35:59.278
Kind of fun going through there. Okay. Is al growth?

391
00:35:59.278 --> 00:36:05.398
I've got several videos here. I'll show shore's 2 minute summary of it because it's again.

392
00:36:05.398 --> 00:36:12.119
It's good to see the people involved the real people and then I'll let you watch the others.

393
00:36:16.708 --> 00:36:26.489
1 of the things I find fascinating about products, is that how it completely changed.

394
00:36:26.489 --> 00:36:29.518
The fields classical information theory.

395
00:36:29.518 --> 00:36:35.998
And classical computation, for instance, there are problems that you can solve on a quantum computer.

396
00:36:35.998 --> 00:36:39.208
And many, many fewer steps that you can solve.

397
00:36:39.208 --> 00:36:43.978
On the classical computer and 1 of these is the factoring algorithm.

398
00:36:43.978 --> 00:36:48.239
Which can be solved in roughly and Q.

399
00:36:48.239 --> 00:36:54.059
Time on the computer where, and it's a number of bits of the number you want to factor.

400
00:36:54.059 --> 00:36:59.248
But it takes an exponentially long time on a classical computer.

401
00:37:00.539 --> 00:37:04.528
So, how does a quantum computer work?

402
00:37:04.528 --> 00:37:08.159
Well, it's essentially a physics experiment instead of.

403
00:37:08.159 --> 00:37:12.628
Which can either be 0T or live in a ASCO computer.

404
00:37:12.628 --> 00:37:19.228
Runs on, which are 2 level quantum systems, which can either be.

405
00:37:19.228 --> 00:37:22.829
0T or why are some supervision.

406
00:37:22.829 --> 00:37:27.418
And they also get tackled and can interfere with each other.

407
00:37:27.418 --> 00:37:32.309
And have all the properties of 1 of systems.

408
00:37:33.358 --> 00:37:38.068
So the way the quantum factoring works.

409
00:37:38.068 --> 00:37:41.159
Is your take.

410
00:37:42.869 --> 00:37:46.528
Take the number factor, and you can turn.

411
00:37:46.528 --> 00:37:52.139
Using number 3, the problem into a problem will find the period of a really long sequence.

412
00:37:52.139 --> 00:37:55.469
And then you use.

413
00:37:55.469 --> 00:37:58.768
Quantum computer as computational.

414
00:37:58.768 --> 00:38:02.548
So, if you shine light toward a fraction, ready.

415
00:38:02.548 --> 00:38:06.478
It gives you a pattern which tells you the spacing of the grading.

416
00:38:06.478 --> 00:38:10.349
So, we have a periodic pattern that we.

417
00:38:10.349 --> 00:38:15.389
Put the information through a computational of router, which gives you a.

418
00:38:15.389 --> 00:38:22.079
And once you have the period, you can use number 30, classical computer to factor.

419
00:38:22.079 --> 00:38:25.710
The number of.

420
00:38:26.940 --> 00:38:39.389
So, I'll look at the others now, 1 thing here, which is relevant is has I mentioned this also as a.

421
00:38:39.389 --> 00:38:52.380
Part of the material for the course it has a set of lectures drawing some material from and like, 5 lectures are shores algorithm here, lecture videos and it's got some notes and it's got some Labs.

422
00:38:52.380 --> 00:38:58.050
And we may use the lab at some point in the homework or something. So, this is more information.

423
00:38:59.699 --> 00:39:05.010
Okay, okay so, um.

424
00:39:10.134 --> 00:39:21.445
So, okay, now the previous thing has been some review, some high level stuff. Now I'll get down to more into the hardware some more here by Leo Cohen Hogan from.

425
00:39:21.750 --> 00:39:26.820
Delved and now we're getting into the actual hardware, so some long stuff.

426
00:39:26.820 --> 00:39:31.710
And some short stuff.

427
00:39:35.219 --> 00:39:38.639
Yeah.

428
00:39:42.690 --> 00:39:55.530
In some ways.

429
00:39:55.530 --> 00:40:00.030
Everybody.

430
00:40:01.050 --> 00:40:04.860
Does anybody recognize the picture behind me? Whoops.

431
00:40:04.860 --> 00:40:10.590
What is it that computer and it was in fact and mechanical computer.

432
00:40:10.590 --> 00:40:14.369
The computer that was used by Alan Turing, which helps.

433
00:40:14.369 --> 00:40:17.880
And the 2nd World War, what is interesting?

434
00:40:17.880 --> 00:40:22.619
Is that here? The wheels are turn and by registering clicks and no.

435
00:40:22.619 --> 00:40:30.630
They could break and create the passages. So it's a mechanical motion that actually can do some calculations for us.

436
00:40:31.769 --> 00:40:35.550
Now, we use, of course, electronic computers where electrical signals.

437
00:40:35.550 --> 00:40:39.150
And code for our bids zeros and ones.

438
00:40:40.320 --> 00:40:43.559
Clicks or not clicks or zeros and ones.

439
00:40:43.559 --> 00:40:47.429
Actually, it's the same principle 4 and coding information.

440
00:40:47.429 --> 00:40:50.940
No difference between the Turing machine.

441
00:40:50.940 --> 00:40:54.750
In our computers, what is amazing is that.

442
00:40:54.750 --> 00:40:58.230
And what happened in the last 50, 60 years, is that.

443
00:40:58.230 --> 00:41:03.030
This machine now fits around your wrist and it sells as a smart watch.

444
00:41:03.030 --> 00:41:08.070
The same computing power, anybody else who has a smart watch here.

445
00:41:08.070 --> 00:41:11.550
I see a few.

446
00:41:11.550 --> 00:41:23.400
So, you fell for the same commercial as I did I guess it's smaller and it's, you know, you see that the revolution making things smaller is very feasible.

447
00:41:23.400 --> 00:41:29.099
What is maybe even more amazing that the underlying principles of the Turing machine that clicks clicks.

448
00:41:29.099 --> 00:41:32.820
And in my smartwatch, it still the same that has not changed.

449
00:41:32.820 --> 00:41:39.840
Mixer no zeroes some time ago. A very interesting.

450
00:41:39.840 --> 00:41:45.929
New idea started to become popular and it's not really a single inventor.

451
00:41:45.929 --> 00:41:49.500
In fact, it is not really an invention.

452
00:41:49.500 --> 00:41:52.530
It's rather a change of perspective.

453
00:41:53.909 --> 00:41:57.179
And the idea is that nature also calculates.

454
00:41:58.469 --> 00:42:02.010
For instance, and.

455
00:42:02.010 --> 00:42:06.360
It's a green leaf, it induces all kinds of chemistry.

456
00:42:06.360 --> 00:42:10.320
But at the end of the chemistry of reaction, it produces.

457
00:42:10.320 --> 00:42:17.400
Oxygen among other things, and the process in between the input light and the output oxygen.

458
00:42:17.400 --> 00:42:21.840
Can be viewed as a calculation.

459
00:42:21.840 --> 00:42:26.969
Now, why is this an interesting change of perspective? It's because nature actually calculates.

460
00:42:26.969 --> 00:42:30.630
A lot faster and a lot smarter than our computers do.

461
00:42:33.239 --> 00:42:36.480
The key ingredient that nature uses is, in fact.

462
00:42:36.480 --> 00:42:42.690
Quantum mechanics the beautiful thing of quantum mechanics is that.

463
00:42:42.690 --> 00:42:46.530
You don't have to be a 0T or a 1.

464
00:42:46.530 --> 00:42:50.099
You can be 0T and 1 at the same time.

465
00:42:50.099 --> 00:42:54.269
And this option of being 0T and 1, at the same time.

466
00:42:54.269 --> 00:42:59.280
Is used in nature they are all the same time that they sound acceptable.

467
00:42:59.280 --> 00:43:02.460
The clicks and no clicks at the same time.

468
00:43:02.460 --> 00:43:06.059
That is absurd. Nevertheless.

469
00:43:06.059 --> 00:43:11.099
People like me, you started to use these principals of quantum mechanics to build.

470
00:43:11.099 --> 00:43:15.210
A new, very powerful computer. It's called a quantum computer.

471
00:43:16.530 --> 00:43:19.860
How to find the computer works? The life section good.

472
00:43:19.860 --> 00:43:25.650
That's going to be my story today. Let me 1st tell you a little bit about myself.

473
00:43:25.650 --> 00:43:29.130
I grew up in a small town in the mountains on a farm.

474
00:43:29.130 --> 00:43:32.250
And I was actually doing, okay in high school.

475
00:43:32.250 --> 00:43:37.739
And I was allowed to go to the universe, but the only people in my town.

476
00:43:37.739 --> 00:43:42.690
That I knew who had a university degree, was our town veterinarian.

477
00:43:42.690 --> 00:43:48.059
And outpaced now, becoming a priest was not an option for me.

478
00:43:48.059 --> 00:43:51.269
So, I was going to be from a.

479
00:43:52.889 --> 00:43:58.769
However, unfortunately, my university had no entrance exam.

480
00:43:58.769 --> 00:44:01.889
But instead of a lottery, which I lost.

481
00:44:01.889 --> 00:44:05.429
So, I ended up at my 2nd choice, which was.

482
00:44:07.139 --> 00:44:11.670
But my role streaming, I, as a farmer's son, I keep this.

483
00:44:11.670 --> 00:44:15.510
Pragmatic approach and nowadays as a professor.

484
00:44:15.510 --> 00:44:20.730
If I hear some of my colleagues now make very profound theoretical predictions.

485
00:44:20.730 --> 00:44:25.650
No, I think, wow, that sounds profound.

486
00:44:25.650 --> 00:44:33.719
Can we actually do something useful with it? And that is also my, my attitude to watch quantum mechanics.

487
00:44:33.719 --> 00:44:39.090
A quantum mechanics is certainly among the most profound scientific ideas.

488
00:44:39.090 --> 00:44:43.349
That we have people like or and Einstein.

489
00:44:43.349 --> 00:44:48.300
Discovered the deeper principles of quantum mechanics about 100 years ago.

490
00:44:48.300 --> 00:44:52.409
And those principles of mechanics are absurd.

491
00:44:52.409 --> 00:44:57.539
For us humans, but not for small particles like electrons.

492
00:44:57.539 --> 00:45:00.630
So, what a small particle like, collector can do.

493
00:45:00.630 --> 00:45:05.550
Is, for instance, not be confined to 1, single point in space.

494
00:45:05.550 --> 00:45:10.320
No, it can actually occupy different points in space at the same time.

495
00:45:13.619 --> 00:45:20.250
Now, how that is possible, it's actually very impossible to explain in words.

496
00:45:21.449 --> 00:45:28.679
In our language, the best thing we can do is just accept it was what is absurd for us.

497
00:45:28.679 --> 00:45:31.710
It's okay for small particles, like electrons.

498
00:45:31.710 --> 00:45:36.960
And so think about this for a moment, because it's actually very essential for my story.

499
00:45:36.960 --> 00:45:41.130
At a single particle, a single object can actually be.

500
00:45:41.130 --> 00:45:48.179
At different locations at the same time we call there's superposition.

501
00:45:48.179 --> 00:45:53.550
Super position, and when you accept superposition.

502
00:45:53.550 --> 00:45:57.539
Then you can actually also understand things like chemistry.

503
00:45:57.539 --> 00:46:00.719
For instance, a very simple example.

504
00:46:00.719 --> 00:46:05.579
Oxygen molecule and we draw it like 2 oxygen.

505
00:46:05.579 --> 00:46:08.820
Atoms that are held together by these horizontal lines.

506
00:46:08.820 --> 00:46:15.539
In the oxygen molecule now what do these horizontal lines actually stand for?

507
00:46:16.559 --> 00:46:24.449
Well, they share and electron, but this electron does not sit still in the middle between these 2 atoms.

508
00:46:24.449 --> 00:46:28.349
No, it actually divide itself up.

509
00:46:28.349 --> 00:46:34.079
Goes into a superposition and occupies the space around each of these 2 oxygen atoms.

510
00:46:35.789 --> 00:46:40.349
Since these 2 parts, these 2 parts of the same single electron.

511
00:46:40.349 --> 00:46:44.369
It doesn't want to be too separated. It actually keeps the oxygen atoms.

512
00:46:44.369 --> 00:46:48.869
Together and so it's actually a superposition.

513
00:46:48.869 --> 00:46:53.219
That binds atoms in molecules.

514
00:46:53.219 --> 00:46:58.559
And since actually, actually, our, our body will stay so out of molecules.

515
00:46:58.559 --> 00:47:02.130
So, without superposition, our body would fall apart.

516
00:47:02.130 --> 00:47:06.929
And without position, all our molecules would fall apart and lose atoms.

517
00:47:08.010 --> 00:47:13.050
So, silver position and is a good thing. You should like it on Facebook.

518
00:47:13.050 --> 00:47:20.130
Silence.

519
00:47:20.130 --> 00:47:25.380
Since Einstein and NBAR and extra also other genius scientists.

520
00:47:25.380 --> 00:47:29.070
They felt the principles of quantum mechanics we've been using.

521
00:47:29.070 --> 00:47:32.250
Mostly formulas formulized to describe nature.

522
00:47:32.250 --> 00:47:38.010
As it is given to us, but now 100 years later, it's actually time for something new.

523
00:47:38.010 --> 00:47:42.480
We now few nature as an information processor.

524
00:47:42.480 --> 00:47:45.869
Instead of formulas, we use these symbol.

525
00:47:45.869 --> 00:47:49.739
To describe that there is an information flow in nature.

526
00:47:50.760 --> 00:47:55.500
And we no longer study nature as it is given to us. We actually have started to.

527
00:47:55.500 --> 00:47:58.590
Design and construct also program.

528
00:47:58.590 --> 00:48:02.489
Machines that we make ourselves and study.

529
00:48:02.489 --> 00:48:06.840
Our own design machines can actually solve problems.

530
00:48:09.510 --> 00:48:13.199
Oh, my job has become.

531
00:48:13.199 --> 00:48:17.099
To make it instead of.

532
00:48:17.099 --> 00:48:22.590
Farmer, instead of that, I've become a Cuban maker or a superposition maker.

533
00:48:22.590 --> 00:48:26.130
I want to illustrate that with electrons in boxes.

534
00:48:26.130 --> 00:48:30.960
What you see here in the upper row are 2 boxes and 1, electron.

535
00:48:30.960 --> 00:48:34.949
Now, our world that the electron has to choose, it can sit in the left.

536
00:48:34.949 --> 00:48:41.250
Or in the right box in an information description of the same thing.

537
00:48:41.250 --> 00:48:47.579
What we say is that in the upper case, when you in the left box, I call it a 0.

538
00:48:47.579 --> 00:48:51.510
Or if it's in the right box, I call it a big 1.

539
00:48:52.530 --> 00:48:56.670
This is actually how we encode information in our normal computer's.

540
00:48:56.670 --> 00:49:03.329
That's a 0T and the big 1 special thing that we do in our lab in delve.

541
00:49:03.329 --> 00:49:10.710
That we can do also the positions, so we can take a single electron and put it in both boxes at the same time.

542
00:49:10.710 --> 00:49:14.309
The kind of similar oxygen molecule.

543
00:49:14.309 --> 00:49:19.289
But now we've boxes that we have made ourselves, and you can also control and program.

544
00:49:20.639 --> 00:49:23.789
So, when the electron is is in both boxes at the same time.

545
00:49:23.789 --> 00:49:27.389
In an information description, we say.

546
00:49:27.389 --> 00:49:32.250
The system is in a few bed state, and the cubic is in a single position.

547
00:49:32.250 --> 00:49:36.119
Of a bit 0T and the bit 1 at the same time.

548
00:49:36.119 --> 00:49:39.989
So then codes for that information at the same time.

549
00:49:41.849 --> 00:49:48.210
If we have this cube, we've made actually a little animation to illustrate.

550
00:49:48.210 --> 00:49:51.269
Now, how it can be used to speed up calculations.

551
00:49:52.500 --> 00:49:55.559
And you see here a librarian, if you put.

552
00:49:55.559 --> 00:49:59.039
A classical electrons into this library.

553
00:49:59.039 --> 00:50:04.530
Then the way electors actually solve classically this problem to find the exit of the library.

554
00:50:04.530 --> 00:50:08.369
Is what we would do we try pass by fast.

555
00:50:08.369 --> 00:50:12.269
And every time you find, you know, it's not a solution we try again.

556
00:50:12.269 --> 00:50:16.710
So, sequentially we go through the system until we found the exit.

557
00:50:16.710 --> 00:50:20.730
But as when we find the exit, we know we have the right solution.

558
00:50:21.900 --> 00:50:25.349
Quantum electron would split itself up and.

559
00:50:25.349 --> 00:50:29.969
In parallel in a superposition, take all the pass at the same time.

560
00:50:29.969 --> 00:50:33.300
And also reaching the exit, but now a lot faster.

561
00:50:35.880 --> 00:50:40.469
And that is the magic of a quantum computer, all these actions.

562
00:50:40.469 --> 00:50:44.250
All these different possibilities can be checked.

563
00:50:44.250 --> 00:50:48.480
In a massive parallel calculation the find the answer.

564
00:50:48.480 --> 00:50:52.559
In a single step that speeds up.

565
00:50:52.559 --> 00:50:58.050
The calculation so what would we do if we.

566
00:50:58.050 --> 00:51:02.670
Have a quantum computer what kind of do we actually have good problems to feed.

567
00:51:02.670 --> 00:51:08.400
Such a super powerful computer to answer this question. Let's zoom out a little bit.

568
00:51:08.400 --> 00:51:14.400
And ask ourselves what are actually the big challenge is that we face on earth.

569
00:51:16.380 --> 00:51:21.599
Big problems, so that many big problems, but let's focus on our natural resources.

570
00:51:21.599 --> 00:51:24.659
Here we are responding energy.

571
00:51:24.659 --> 00:51:29.579
Where are wasting materials? Our climate is changing too fast.

572
00:51:29.579 --> 00:51:33.570
And many people on earth don't get the right medicine.

573
00:51:34.920 --> 00:51:39.360
These are very big problems that somehow we have to solve.

574
00:51:39.360 --> 00:51:42.599
And we have to solve routers soon, at least within.

575
00:51:42.599 --> 00:51:47.670
About the next few decades to solve those problems.

576
00:51:47.670 --> 00:51:51.090
We need radically new tools.

577
00:51:51.090 --> 00:51:55.079
And no 1 doubts that help from a computer.

578
00:51:55.079 --> 00:51:58.889
Will be of vital importance to actually solve these problems.

579
00:51:59.909 --> 00:52:06.659
And that's what use of the quantum computer can come in universities. I'm working at a university.

580
00:52:06.659 --> 00:52:09.900
Have started to develop the fundamentals of the computers.

581
00:52:09.900 --> 00:52:14.969
Since 2 decades or so, and in the last few years, also some of the bigger.

582
00:52:14.969 --> 00:52:18.179
Global it companies have joined this effort.

583
00:52:18.179 --> 00:52:25.079
And when companies join and invest money, they actually have some specific ideas.

584
00:52:25.079 --> 00:52:28.260
What a purpose they want to use the clinical beautiful.

585
00:52:28.260 --> 00:52:33.389
And I've made a little list of what they say will be the applications of a quantum computer.

586
00:52:33.389 --> 00:52:39.059
But it's a list starting with electrical cables 0T, loss of energy.

587
00:52:39.059 --> 00:52:42.300
Drug development by solving quantum chemistry problems.

588
00:52:42.300 --> 00:52:46.920
Predicting material properties for electronics and energy storage.

589
00:52:46.920 --> 00:52:51.360
Machine learning optimization problems for robotics.

590
00:52:52.500 --> 00:52:57.300
Handling big data for sequencing genomes and airplane design.

591
00:52:58.829 --> 00:53:02.610
Of course, by far enough complete, these are just a few examples.

592
00:53:02.610 --> 00:53:06.900
That is impossible to predict what you can do in a new technology.

593
00:53:10.769 --> 00:53:15.150
So, we started an Institute, a new Institute.

594
00:53:15.150 --> 00:53:20.219
In depth actually work in the focus way on developing this quantum computer.

595
00:53:20.219 --> 00:53:23.460
Computer and in this Institute.

596
00:53:23.460 --> 00:53:27.150
We make the hardware, so by using nanotechnology.

597
00:53:27.150 --> 00:53:31.829
Clean room fabrication we make electronic chips with a whole bunch of cubes.

598
00:53:31.829 --> 00:53:35.369
That we can program and program these.

599
00:53:35.369 --> 00:53:40.139
Chips, we can learn the how quantum systems solve problems.

600
00:53:41.730 --> 00:53:49.949
To get away with electrical engineers, and we make these chips that you see here in the last shot.

601
00:53:49.949 --> 00:53:53.699
And this is an electronic chip that has a whole bunch.

602
00:53:53.699 --> 00:54:02.219
A few bits on it, and nowadays we can make maybe between 5 and 10 periods on the chip.

603
00:54:02.219 --> 00:54:06.719
And program and control it you think that we need another.

604
00:54:06.719 --> 00:54:09.869
10 years or so to make circuits that are big enough.

605
00:54:09.869 --> 00:54:13.320
To really solve problems.

606
00:54:14.340 --> 00:54:18.539
And have an illustration how it will go how it will develop from there.

607
00:54:18.539 --> 00:54:22.530
So suppose that we now we take, for instance.

608
00:54:22.530 --> 00:54:28.769
The biggest supercomputer that we have nowadays in the world it's in the US it's called the Titan.

609
00:54:28.769 --> 00:54:32.489
This computer is actually as big as the concert hall.

610
00:54:34.260 --> 00:54:37.619
If I want to make this computer 2 times faster.

611
00:54:37.619 --> 00:54:41.820
What I have to do is I have to make it 2 times bigger.

612
00:54:41.820 --> 00:54:46.079
To if this.

613
00:54:46.079 --> 00:54:49.739
Where a quantum computer it's the same starting point.

614
00:54:49.739 --> 00:54:53.309
Then, in order to make it 2 times faster.

615
00:54:53.309 --> 00:54:57.659
I only have to add 1, give it to the Super computer.

616
00:54:57.659 --> 00:55:02.190
I want people just very tiny. You can't even see by the naked eye.

617
00:55:02.190 --> 00:55:06.030
So, every time you're adding a few bit to the quantum computer.

618
00:55:06.030 --> 00:55:12.630
It becomes 2 times faster and that is because the computational power of a computer.

619
00:55:12.630 --> 00:55:18.000
Scales as an exponential it's too to the power.

620
00:55:18.000 --> 00:55:23.730
The number of Cubics now, exponentials are difficult to understand, but, I mean.

621
00:55:23.730 --> 00:55:29.610
Try to illustrate it to a number example, and have to go off stage for this example. Actually.

622
00:55:29.610 --> 00:55:33.630
Was if I, I'm a linear machine.

623
00:55:33.630 --> 00:55:39.030
If I start to give handshakes to everybody in your audience, then, you know, it's a linear process and.

624
00:55:39.030 --> 00:55:42.269
I need now 10 steps in fact.

625
00:55:42.269 --> 00:55:45.960
Give 10 handshakes and I need 2 for.

626
00:55:49.380 --> 00:55:55.590
I do have linear. I'm a classical machine. Suppose I could go into a superposition.

627
00:55:55.590 --> 00:55:58.590
Then in 10 steps.

628
00:55:58.590 --> 00:56:02.250
I actually can shake to the power 10.

629
00:56:02.250 --> 00:56:06.690
That is a 1024 hence in the same sequence.

630
00:56:06.690 --> 00:56:10.170
I would have given everybody here in the concert hall. A handshake.

631
00:56:12.090 --> 00:56:15.869
And that is the difference between a classical computer, a small section.

632
00:56:15.869 --> 00:56:19.139
In a corner computer, everybody in the concert.

633
00:56:19.139 --> 00:56:24.269
So, we're not talking here about some incremental improvement of computing speed.

634
00:56:24.269 --> 00:56:28.289
This is really a revolution in information technology.

635
00:56:28.289 --> 00:56:34.230
It's a game changer.

636
00:56:35.429 --> 00:56:41.130
Funny enough I love to hear it's nature. It actually helps us.

637
00:56:41.130 --> 00:56:46.050
To develop this quantum computer and that brings me back to my leaf.

638
00:56:47.730 --> 00:56:51.929
And the photo synthesis reaction that happens in between.

639
00:56:51.929 --> 00:56:55.710
The light inputs where it actually releases.

640
00:56:55.710 --> 00:57:00.630
Electrons in the leaf that have to find a way from their starting point.

641
00:57:00.630 --> 00:57:04.289
With some specific end point where they can release the oxygen.

642
00:57:04.289 --> 00:57:08.820
And in between there many different paths for the lack of to take.

643
00:57:08.820 --> 00:57:13.710
To go to the site where it can release the oxygen luckily.

644
00:57:13.710 --> 00:57:17.969
You'd like to go into a superposition and as in the library in problem.

645
00:57:17.969 --> 00:57:24.719
Can find the end state very quickly and produce the oxygen for us very efficiently.

646
00:57:26.250 --> 00:57:30.179
So, our bodies I kept together, you brief oxygen.

647
00:57:30.179 --> 00:57:36.119
Or because of superposition, and then things need to take home message.

648
00:57:37.739 --> 00:57:40.889
Nature uses the mechanics.

649
00:57:40.889 --> 00:57:45.719
To compute and weak quantum engineers have start.

650
00:57:45.719 --> 00:57:48.719
To begin to make.

651
00:57:48.719 --> 00:57:52.320
Bottom computers and how solve.

652
00:57:52.320 --> 00:57:56.849
Some of our problems, so I hope that we have a quantum computer.

653
00:57:56.849 --> 00:58:00.780
And we will live better lives and be more careful.

654
00:58:00.780 --> 00:58:15.030
With our resources on our Thank you very much. Thank you. So, this was less technical, but he's a good he's a very good speaker.

655
00:58:16.650 --> 00:58:20.460
Okay, now getting more technical.

656
00:58:21.869 --> 00:58:31.260
There are many possible ways to build the hardware for a quantum computer.

657
00:58:31.260 --> 00:58:36.809
Because there are many physical systems that can be used as Cubans, but to give you a concrete example.

658
00:58:36.809 --> 00:58:45.869
I'm going to show you what it takes to build a quantum computer, using the spin of single electrons inside a solid state semiconductor chip.

659
00:58:45.869 --> 00:58:54.030
This is a pathway that is being pursued very actively, partly because it may allow us to build quantum computers using the same.

660
00:58:54.030 --> 00:58:57.869
Fabrication methods used for classical computer chips.

661
00:58:57.869 --> 00:59:07.224
But the way the quantum chip is operator will be very different. 1st of all. We need to confine individual electrons within a chip. This is actually not that hard.

662
00:59:07.255 --> 00:59:14.184
The latest silicone chips in your computer and mobile phone have transistors that are only 40 nanometers wide.

663
00:59:14.550 --> 00:59:21.329
That's about 40 silicone atoms across and with some minor modifications, you can use the same technology.

664
00:59:21.329 --> 00:59:28.530
Fulfilled electronic devices when all the electors are squeezed out, except for 1, which then becomes our cubic.

665
00:59:28.530 --> 00:59:32.190
The quantum information is included in the spin of the electron.

666
00:59:32.190 --> 00:59:38.309
To be able to distinguish between the 0T and the 1 state of the spin we need to make sure.

667
00:59:38.309 --> 00:59:44.010
That the energy difference between them is larger than the thermal energy of the environment.

668
00:59:44.010 --> 00:59:51.000
The energy difference between the up and down spin States is proportional to the magnetic field applied to the spin.

669
00:59:51.000 --> 01:00:05.875
With a magnetic field, the 1 Tesla, which is 20000 times stronger than the earth's magnetic field. The energy difference is about 1 degree Calvin. So we need to produce very large magnetic fields and very low temperatures close to absolute 0T for this to work.

670
01:00:06.389 --> 01:00:10.019
Then we need to perform quantum logic operation.

671
01:00:10.019 --> 01:00:15.360
With these electrons being quite a bit for a single cubic operations we use magnetic residence.

672
01:00:15.360 --> 01:00:21.840
The same method use the memorize scans because of the very high magnetic fields. We need to use the frequency.

673
01:00:21.840 --> 01:00:24.900
Of electromagnetic citation is also very high.

674
01:00:24.900 --> 01:00:29.489
Tens of gigahertz, which is the range typically used by radars, for example.

675
01:00:29.489 --> 01:00:34.679
For Tokyo with operations, we need to control the interaction between nearby electrons.

676
01:00:34.679 --> 01:00:42.000
There are many ways to do this, including a method, which consists of making orbits of the electron overlap.

677
01:00:42.000 --> 01:00:45.960
In a similar way, as what happens in chemical bonds with the molecules.

678
01:00:45.960 --> 01:00:50.400
So, in a sense, we are creating artificial molecules. We get a chip.

679
01:00:50.400 --> 01:00:55.679
With the bonds controlled by the voltage on tiny electrodes fabricated on the ship.

680
01:00:55.679 --> 01:01:00.659
Sooner all the hardware to build and operate a quantum computer consists of.

681
01:01:00.659 --> 01:01:06.059
A special silicon chip with very small transistors that hold just 1 electron each.

682
01:01:06.059 --> 01:01:10.860
A machine that produces large magnetic fields and extremely low temperatures.

683
01:01:10.860 --> 01:01:20.369
High frequency electronics to implement magnetic residence control of the state of the spins and tiny electors to control the interaction between neighboring spins.

684
01:01:20.369 --> 01:01:29.820
This is not science fiction, all these things exist. We know how to build them and how to develop them. We are now at the stage where we can scale up quantum computer chips.

685
01:01:29.820 --> 01:01:36.389
And soon enough reached the point where the exponential power of quantum computers can be used for novel applications.

686
01:01:36.389 --> 01:01:41.070
Silence.

687
01:01:41.070 --> 01:01:53.489
Okay, I may not do the suitor the 2nd video.

688
01:01:55.710 --> 01:02:08.639
Let's do this in a really short 1 here. Keep going. So if you want to make a Cuba, 1st, you have to decide what kind of camera you want to make that different varieties that that function executed.

689
01:02:08.639 --> 01:02:13.619
For example, you could use a trap ion and to make a Cuba or a neutral Atom.

690
01:02:13.619 --> 01:02:17.094
And you could use a quantum dot and semi conductor,

691
01:02:17.693 --> 01:02:18.355
semi collector,

692
01:02:18.355 --> 01:02:18.925
quantum dot,

693
01:02:18.954 --> 01:02:22.105
and you could make a purely spins,

694
01:02:22.105 --> 01:02:22.855
for example,

695
01:02:23.574 --> 01:02:30.235
in Silicon or in the centers in diamond street just name a few cubic platforms.

696
01:02:30.480 --> 01:02:34.469
I'm here IBM, we like to use superconducting circuit.

697
01:02:34.469 --> 01:02:40.860
So, as the name already suggests, it's a circuit approach to fluids and we use a lot of.

698
01:02:40.860 --> 01:02:44.579
Our favorites and aluminum.

699
01:02:44.579 --> 01:02:50.760
And we also make them on our so we can wait for. So there's a lot of expertise that we have locally.

700
01:02:50.760 --> 01:02:54.719
And to how to process and make them on the platform.

701
01:02:54.719 --> 01:03:05.909
And 1 ingredient that all the different superconducting circuits share is the Joseph's Junction, which is a little bit of an unusual circuit element. It behaves as a non linear non dissipate of inductors.

702
01:03:05.909 --> 01:03:09.360
But the way you make it is you have 2 pieces of Super conductor.

703
01:03:09.360 --> 01:03:18.210
That are very weekly couple in particular we just separate 2 superconducting electrodes by a very thin panel area. That's just an insulating layer.

704
01:03:18.210 --> 01:03:33.054
That's like thousands of hair thick, so very fair. Let's Joseph's injunction behaves as a modeling and doctor, but then to make a cube, you need a 2nd element that is a capacitor and that we make it regular linear capacity out of superconducting material.

705
01:03:33.269 --> 01:03:36.690
And then tying these 2 together, I guess you and your resonator.

706
01:03:36.690 --> 01:03:40.079
That can behave as as a cube if you tune the parameters right?

707
01:03:40.079 --> 01:03:54.295
So, now you have in queue where, in order to make a useful Cupid processor, then you need to tie these different cubes together. We use microwave classes to couple them. And then, lastly, we provide an input and output through a readout resume to each of the keywords.

708
01:03:54.534 --> 01:03:55.855
That then couples to the outside.

709
01:03:56.130 --> 01:03:59.789
Well, that's why you make it through it.

710
01:04:00.869 --> 01:04:06.329
Okay, and I'll show the 1st.

711
01:04:06.329 --> 01:04:11.940
Getting into this Q tech academy 1 and then Thursday will continue with the trends and 1.

712
01:04:11.940 --> 01:04:16.230
Cubic and the 1st, part of some other things it's.

713
01:04:16.230 --> 01:04:21.269
Some more quantum materials.

714
01:04:24.449 --> 01:04:31.980
Mechanics.

715
01:04:31.980 --> 01:04:36.570
Describes how I don't find and electrons interact from the mental.

716
01:04:36.570 --> 01:04:43.170
Namely, speaking, all materials are content because all matter again must be explained my part.

717
01:04:43.170 --> 01:04:47.699
Sample our body is largely made up of water.

718
01:04:47.699 --> 01:04:52.769
Water chemical reactions, bind, hydrogen and oxygen atoms together.

719
01:04:52.769 --> 01:04:56.219
Although this can be explained by mechanics.

720
01:04:56.219 --> 01:05:02.489
We usually don't think about water in these terms and the high school level chemistry description. That's the job.

721
01:05:04.170 --> 01:05:08.789
This is because we can often approximate the quantum behavior in materials.

722
01:05:08.789 --> 01:05:15.300
My classical description, it turns out that a classical description isn't suitable.

723
01:05:15.300 --> 01:05:19.800
For most of the phenomena that we experience in the microscopic world around us.

724
01:05:19.800 --> 01:05:25.590
Times, however, before we understand the behavior of certain materials.

725
01:05:25.590 --> 01:05:32.219
It is necessary to keep 1 in. There is no classical explanation to help. Our understands.

726
01:05:33.599 --> 01:05:36.840
Feature of the broad category of planting material.

727
01:05:36.840 --> 01:05:41.159
Is that their behavior is generally rooted in the world?

728
01:05:41.159 --> 01:05:45.960
And while behaviors, observing funnel, material, cover a wide spectrum.

729
01:05:45.960 --> 01:05:48.960
There are some common features that we.

730
01:05:50.369 --> 01:05:56.039
For example, many funds and materials derive their properties from reduced dimensionality.

731
01:05:56.039 --> 01:06:00.929
Electron swapped in 2, 1 0T dimensions.

732
01:06:00.929 --> 01:06:08.489
Of different characteristics and electrons in 3 merchants is another recurring theme across quantum materials.

733
01:06:08.489 --> 01:06:13.110
Nominal and merge the collecting behavior of a regional.

734
01:06:14.849 --> 01:06:18.510
So, for conductor materials, the interaction between.

735
01:06:18.510 --> 01:06:22.199
Electrons mediated by the vibrations of the crystal lattices.

736
01:06:22.199 --> 01:06:28.110
Creates the so called Cooper panels differently from individually electrons.

737
01:06:28.110 --> 01:06:31.320
Cooper parents can share the same quantum state.

738
01:06:32.460 --> 01:06:39.480
Super conductivity emerges from the concert that state of affairs, the propagates without electrical resistance.

739
01:06:39.480 --> 01:06:44.340
Crystal, certainly you need quantum mechanics to understand this.

740
01:06:46.019 --> 01:06:49.650
The 1st, quantum revolution with the development of mechanics.

741
01:06:49.650 --> 01:06:52.769
Provided a microscopic understanding of nature.

742
01:06:52.769 --> 01:06:59.309
Have a tremendous impact in our life and once you understand the periodic table and tronic way functions.

743
01:06:59.309 --> 01:07:03.179
You understand semi conductors on how transistors are built and work.

744
01:07:03.179 --> 01:07:08.130
You know, carry billions of transistors in our pockets to perform complex tasks.

745
01:07:09.869 --> 01:07:14.760
It is clear that we need the concept of the vote on to understand the.

746
01:07:16.590 --> 01:07:20.010
We are currently in the midst of a 2nd, quantum revolution.

747
01:07:20.010 --> 01:07:26.429
Which clinical matter is engineered to develop disruptive technologies beyond the reach of classical understand.

748
01:07:26.429 --> 01:07:30.059
From computing is the man on the moon goal such.

749
01:07:30.059 --> 01:07:37.980
2nd final revolution by working in a fundamentally different way. Quantum computers have the promise of solving complex.

750
01:07:37.980 --> 01:07:41.460
Problems that classical computers cannot have.

751
01:07:42.599 --> 01:07:45.989
Possible materials provide the environment where.

752
01:07:45.989 --> 01:07:49.260
The elements of unit of information processing.

753
01:07:49.260 --> 01:07:53.730
Are defined, therefore, materials.

754
01:07:53.730 --> 01:08:03.960
Are at the basis of appointment I have a working final computer. You need to couple together many Cubics while maintaining their long career.

755
01:08:03.960 --> 01:08:07.050
These requirements are often conflicted.

756
01:08:07.050 --> 01:08:10.110
Miss that are hard to couple together of.

757
01:08:10.110 --> 01:08:13.769
Long korean's times, because they tend to be isolated.

758
01:08:14.880 --> 01:08:18.869
On the other hand systems that are easy to couple together candles.

759
01:08:18.869 --> 01:08:22.500
Grants quickly, because they can be preserved easily by the environment.

760
01:08:22.500 --> 01:08:27.539
Okay says the precision of the Cuban materials is crucial.

761
01:08:27.539 --> 01:08:31.229
To solve these 2 challenging requirements and when we say precision.

762
01:08:31.229 --> 01:08:34.470
You mean, precision in terms of materials conformity.

763
01:08:34.470 --> 01:08:37.649
Chemical composition and electrical properties.

764
01:08:39.239 --> 01:08:45.449
Ultimately, to make the phenomenally large number of Cubics necessary to build a quantum computer.

765
01:08:45.449 --> 01:08:50.550
You would like to use the same manufacturing techniques of the micro electronic industry.

766
01:08:52.289 --> 01:08:58.500
Chemical vapor deposition, or CBD is an industrial process that uses high purity gases.

767
01:08:58.500 --> 01:09:03.239
To make high quality materials with these are physical and electronic properties.

768
01:09:04.500 --> 01:09:09.239
For example, by depositing layers of Silicon and Silicon germanian.

769
01:09:09.239 --> 01:09:13.380
We consume the lattice parameter of Silicon to be larger than usual.

770
01:09:13.380 --> 01:09:20.460
And match that 1 of Silicon Germany as a result, the electronic properties of such structure.

771
01:09:20.460 --> 01:09:28.229
Which is made up different materials, make it possible to form a 2 dimensional electron gas of the interface between Silicon and.

772
01:09:29.430 --> 01:09:33.300
To which can then be made by isolating electric fields.

773
01:09:33.300 --> 01:09:39.479
1, electron spin at that interface if you want to isolate 1.

774
01:09:39.479 --> 01:09:44.520
Single electron spin and make it a cubic you need to know the properties of the material.

775
01:09:44.520 --> 01:09:53.939
Very well, once you make our Chris link to a Silicon infrastructure, we usually break it and as a close look at it from the side.

776
01:09:53.939 --> 01:09:59.579
The high resolution electron microscope we call this microscope transmission electric.

777
01:09:59.579 --> 01:10:06.300
It's work in principle is based on electronic defraction, another quantum effect.

778
01:10:06.300 --> 01:10:09.720
Of an electron being passive within piece of material.

779
01:10:09.720 --> 01:10:12.869
Spatial resolution is so high.

780
01:10:12.869 --> 01:10:16.050
We are able to see atomic arrangements in the lines.

781
01:10:16.050 --> 01:10:19.529
In addition to them is capable of distinguishing.

782
01:10:19.529 --> 01:10:22.890
They from elements from each other by their atomic weight.

783
01:10:22.890 --> 01:10:28.319
Therefore, it is a useful to finalize materials composition.

784
01:10:28.319 --> 01:10:31.739
Elements appear darker than.

785
01:10:31.739 --> 01:10:37.079
This allows us to check precisely to what extent the material we made matches our.

786
01:10:37.079 --> 01:10:46.529
Patients, for example, you see here the perfect atomic arrangement of Silicon and germanian atoms and the critical interface between Silicon until we get to me.

787
01:10:46.529 --> 01:10:50.399
The spacing is exactly the same on both sides of the sharp.

788
01:10:50.399 --> 01:10:55.199
It's indicating that the CBD process successfully strained Silicon.

789
01:10:55.199 --> 01:11:05.100
Match the underlying Silicon domain, the fact that we are able to make crystal with such precision. Um, very little imperfections is a kiosk to then make cubes.

790
01:11:06.390 --> 01:11:11.850
Once we know how the material we made looks like we usually study electronic properties.

791
01:11:11.850 --> 01:11:16.680
By modifying them with external parameters temperature, electric fields.

792
01:11:16.680 --> 01:11:21.840
Genetic fields are the few that we turn in our labs to probe quantum materials.

793
01:11:21.840 --> 01:11:27.359
This study is provide useful feedback to make the material a better environment for the cuban's.

794
01:11:29.550 --> 01:11:36.600
Take, for example, the Silicon hetero structure we mentioned earlier, if we pull it down to very low temperatures, which.

795
01:11:36.600 --> 01:11:40.649
Usually offering same below 1 degree above 0.

796
01:11:40.649 --> 01:11:47.850
It will be insulated. However, we can make the material conducting by imposing a vertical electric.

797
01:11:47.850 --> 01:11:55.770
Electric field forms a metallic channel at the interface between Silicon and Silicon germanian, which is then populated by electrons.

798
01:11:55.770 --> 01:11:59.010
The higher the electric field, the more the electrons in the.

799
01:12:00.090 --> 01:12:04.529
By studying how electrical resistance of channel responds to NetIQ field.

800
01:12:04.529 --> 01:12:07.800
We are able to measure the number of electrons in the channel.

801
01:12:07.800 --> 01:12:15.930
And they're moving, the mobility tells us how fast the electrons can travel in. So channel and there's an indication of the disorder in the.

802
01:12:15.930 --> 01:12:21.420
The higher the mobility, the lower the disorder, and there will be a better chance of fabricating.

803
01:12:21.420 --> 01:12:26.340
Many kilobits with similar properties material somewhat.

804
01:12:26.340 --> 01:12:30.239
It's 1 requirement to scale up the number of Cubics into a.

805
01:12:30.239 --> 01:12:35.220
Think of the billions of transistors in your laptop if they were all behaving differently.

806
01:12:35.220 --> 01:12:44.699
There will be no chance of having them to work for you. And while we are currently optimizing quantum materials to build a quantum computer.

807
01:12:44.699 --> 01:12:49.229
Ultimately, the hope is that when such a machine will exist.

808
01:12:49.229 --> 01:12:54.149
1 of the 1st users will be to efficiently simulate 1 consistent.

809
01:12:54.149 --> 01:12:58.170
Fulfilling the vision put forward by Richard Feynman.

810
01:12:58.170 --> 01:13:06.060
More than 30 years ago in turn, this will help us understand them build even more complex content materials.

811
01:13:06.060 --> 01:13:09.960
Extraordinary properties that today we cannot even.

812
01:13:09.960 --> 01:13:15.149
Hello.

813
01:13:17.340 --> 01:13:24.960
So that feedback loop at the end, reminds me of bootstrapping. Compilers. You want to write a C compiler you get the 1st.

814
01:13:24.960 --> 01:13:36.420
From scratch, you get a really primitive 1 and then you use it to code another 1 and see and you start getting a positive feedback loop. Okay. So some of the videos here or.

815
01:13:36.420 --> 01:13:39.630
A little tactical, but they're giving a nice again.

816
01:13:39.925 --> 01:13:53.454
Nice broad view and will be gradually getting more tactical here something else in the Q tech Academy. Q. but so what says the Alexander place thing that's we'll just watch part of it.

817
01:13:54.774 --> 01:13:56.515
And again.

818
01:13:56.789 --> 01:14:06.869
Give you more stuff and and on these 2 things here will see the 1st part. They are papers that were presented at the conference.

819
01:14:06.869 --> 01:14:11.159
6 months ago, 7 months ago so I have the abstracts included here.

820
01:14:11.159 --> 01:14:16.770
And then the cube, it's a considered to be artificial items actually. So.

821
01:14:16.770 --> 01:14:26.550
See, a piece of that. Ok, so have a good week. I'll stay around for a few minutes in case. Anyone has any questions.

822
01:14:26.550 --> 01:14:30.149
Silence.

823
01:14:35.880 --> 01:14:45.479
Silence.

824
01:14:50.279 --> 01:14:59.550
Silence.

825
01:14:59.550 --> 01:15:21.630
Silence.

826
01:15:23.340 --> 01:15:33.720
Well, do you have a question, Daniel? Are you trying to get? Hold of me.

827
01:15:36.600 --> 01:15:41.010
No, okay, well.

828
01:15:41.010 --> 01:15:42.569
Goodbye.