WEBVTT 1 00:03:26.965 --> 00:03:27.414 Okay. 2 00:03:35.849 --> 00:03:49.764 Can you hear me now? Good. Thank you. Okay, what I have here for setup is I actually have three computers and a hover cam in front of me. 3 00:03:50.514 --> 00:03:57.534 Two computers are running. Webex. That's why you can see me twice participating twice. 4 00:03:57.955 --> 00:04:12.865 I'm giving you the video from one and the audio from a second is the audio on the first one for some reason isn't working. The third one has my has notes that I'm lecturing from an over canvas. In case. 5 00:04:12.865 --> 00:04:14.485 I want to write anything down. 6 00:04:15.539 --> 00:04:29.634 So stuff interesting and there's a certain delay, so it doesn't give any motion sickness. So this and I have a chat window op so possibly you're welcome to type chat questions. 7 00:04:29.995 --> 00:04:36.115 And if you want to meet you, you could also speak to them. 8 00:04:36.629 --> 00:04:50.964 So, but I'm not guaranteed to have the chat window up all the time because on my first computer, I've also I'm running Firefox under Linux and I've got another a window with the course syllabus up and a window into YouTube. Because I would like to show you a couple of videos today. 9 00:04:51.805 --> 00:05:05.605 Okay, so this is quantum computer programming. This is the first introduction of the course. I, I created it. So, I'm grateful for the department head for paying me to do something that I asked to do, which looks fun. 10 00:05:06.954 --> 00:05:17.064 And what I, what I'm going to do right now is I'm going to go through the syllabus of the course. And then I've got to YouTube videos, and then I can write stuff on. 11 00:05:18.180 --> 00:05:23.545 You know, stuff on a pad of paper and scan it later for questions and so on. But. 12 00:05:24.810 --> 00:05:26.845 Because it's the second here. 13 00:05:47.850 --> 00:05:52.105 Okay, yes. 14 00:05:53.214 --> 00:06:06.204 So at this point, I can't see chat questions because I'm sharing the whole screen, but I'll I'll go back to chat questions in a few minutes. 15 00:06:06.660 --> 00:06:21.654 So so okay, of course, it's a, it's an online course via WebEx and actually, just a second here. Let's see can do. 16 00:06:28.495 --> 00:06:32.514 We don't want that we want is. 17 00:06:35.274 --> 00:06:41.514 That is the second here and play with something at all. 18 00:06:52.975 --> 00:07:00.084 Oh, okay, so I had to chat window up. 19 00:07:00.959 --> 00:07:04.824 In the corner and. 20 00:07:08.579 --> 00:07:12.805 Good and the syllabus up. 21 00:07:14.365 --> 00:07:17.095 Okay, so now I can see your chat questions. 22 00:07:21.144 --> 00:07:21.625 Okay, 23 00:07:23.365 --> 00:07:37.194 it's me office hours by basically by appointment you WebEx me and we can email me set up the time and we can do WebEx or email batch type questions on my phone. 24 00:07:37.194 --> 00:07:40.855 I also stay around after class as long as there's any questions or something. 25 00:07:41.904 --> 00:07:52.975 Now, the course, has a couple of this is a catalog summary. Basically, I'll get into subjects and details subjects in a few minutes. 26 00:07:53.665 --> 00:08:00.024 It has three prerequisites, but thesis majors that have the prerequisites. 27 00:08:01.074 --> 00:08:12.535 The Coco gives you some conventional Gates and so on background computer science is course has a computer, such strong computer science flavor in it. 28 00:08:13.259 --> 00:08:23.035 So that will that's what that is for. And course quantum quantum computing is interesting, because they're physically realizable. 29 00:08:23.334 --> 00:08:33.924 The history is actually the theoretical computer scientists theoretically predicted the possibility of quantum computers before they could be built. 30 00:08:34.470 --> 00:08:47.815 So, the theory was in advance of the applications of the actual realize age and we'll talk about that more later. Textbooks. I'm aware. Textbooks can be expensive. 31 00:08:48.355 --> 00:09:02.215 So I've tried to get things fairly cheap here, the big book, quantum computing computer scientist I know like a log and so the text is sixty bucks, you can rent the book on Amazon for twenty bucks for the semester. 32 00:09:02.490 --> 00:09:11.365 sixty's too expensive. A large component of the course will be some ideas, the IBM, some quantum computer, which we'll talk about. 33 00:09:11.815 --> 00:09:19.315 And they have something online that's free to talk about the IBM part of it and they have. 34 00:09:21.384 --> 00:09:34.705 And they, and they have another book, which is on Kindle for seven bucks. The question about will celebrate the syllabus is already online. In fact, I'm reading it right now all online. 35 00:09:34.705 --> 00:09:41.455 I'll tell you how to get it future. Course notes. Yeah, I'll type summaries. Okay. Let me talk about that. 36 00:09:41.455 --> 00:09:54.355 Now, if you go to let me call up a new screen here, and I go into Google, let me do a Google search and I say, that's my initials. 37 00:09:56.340 --> 00:10:02.815 You do and wow, I'm lucky. I came up with the first hit W, RPI space of you are at. 38 00:10:04.200 --> 00:10:11.004 People here and you look in the menu bar, you click on keychain. 39 00:10:11.820 --> 00:10:15.745 All twenty, twenty quantum computer programming. 40 00:10:16.830 --> 00:10:26.875 Okay, and you look in the menu bar here you get syllabus. And that is what I am that is what I was projecting to you and the other Firefox window. 41 00:10:28.644 --> 00:10:31.404 The blog here is what I'll do for each. 42 00:10:33.179 --> 00:10:37.705 For each class, I'll do a summary of things and so on here. 43 00:10:39.625 --> 00:10:47.095 So, there is a bootstrap problem, of course, of how do you get to this without knowing at so basically. 44 00:10:48.325 --> 00:10:58.554 Google space W, are and then do the obvious. So okay, so back to the syllabus. 45 00:11:00.269 --> 00:11:11.065 There are three different components to the course here. Quantum computing involves some mathematics and computers. 46 00:11:11.340 --> 00:11:24.264 So it'd be some mathematics and this course not horribly complicated mathematics, but factors and matrices and complex numbers and so on. So there will be. 47 00:11:24.684 --> 00:11:26.065 And then it gets a little deeper later, 48 00:11:26.065 --> 00:11:40.945 but is the mass component of the course second is we'll talk about some concepts with how quantum computers actually work and basically, 49 00:11:41.485 --> 00:11:42.684 we'll give you a quick summary, 50 00:11:42.684 --> 00:11:43.975 classical computers. 51 00:11:43.975 --> 00:11:47.004 You have set of Gates and Gates not gate. 52 00:11:47.004 --> 00:11:48.654 So and so on, 53 00:11:49.225 --> 00:11:49.945 and from them, 54 00:11:49.945 --> 00:11:51.955 you built all your computer devices, 55 00:11:51.955 --> 00:11:55.465 half batteries and so on on quantum computing, 56 00:11:55.465 --> 00:11:58.284 you've got some primitive Gates also and from them, 57 00:11:58.284 --> 00:12:00.384 you build up the full quantum computer, 58 00:12:01.049 --> 00:12:05.455 the mathematics is each quantum gate can be expressed as a matrix model application. 59 00:12:06.595 --> 00:12:18.865 With an in vertical matrix to determine that this one I think something like that. Okay. So we've got mathematics. We've got about quantum algorithms so and thing. 60 00:12:18.865 --> 00:12:25.554 So again, just anticipating a little the reason people are interested in quantum computing. 61 00:12:26.279 --> 00:12:33.955 If it has the promise that it can do some things very much faster than normal computers. 62 00:12:34.914 --> 00:12:46.404 One thing, which is caught to popular press a lot is it has the potential to crack some public decrypt systems, not all of them. But a lot of them. 63 00:12:47.485 --> 00:12:58.105 Another thing is things like molecular design where you're searching for the molecules, which a certain properties it is possible to quantum computers might be able to do that very fast. 64 00:12:58.345 --> 00:13:06.445 So, we'll be talking with some of the algorithms, but the algorithms they're different from conventional computer. How conventional computers do things. 65 00:13:08.004 --> 00:13:20.004 And then the third thing is, we will see how to program a quantum computer. Ibm is putting a lot of money into quantum computing. 66 00:13:20.485 --> 00:13:33.955 They designed and constructed a number of quantum computers and the, the slower ones are available on the web for free for people to use their batch computers. 67 00:13:34.404 --> 00:13:43.225 You you create a program, and you submitted, do the quantum computer and you get emailed when there's a result. 68 00:13:44.159 --> 00:13:46.315 It's nice to use as a student also, 69 00:13:46.315 --> 00:13:49.164 for time sharing interactive computers were invented, 70 00:13:49.794 --> 00:13:53.304 and since their actual computers might get overloaded, 71 00:13:53.904 --> 00:14:04.075 then they have a simulator available for free on get help and you can run the simulator and on your own computer. 72 00:14:04.105 --> 00:14:08.754 So you can, you know, bogged down by using your actual machine. 73 00:14:10.075 --> 00:14:16.434 To throw some numbers at Q, one of their free computers has five Q bits of memory. 74 00:14:17.129 --> 00:14:30.924 So, I mean, I've got my laptop on the laptop on running has thirty two gigabytes of memory. My newest laptop is one hundred, twenty eight gigabytes of memory. This is DRAM. 75 00:14:30.924 --> 00:14:42.595 This isn't, we're not talking to Steve, which is several terabytes so put this public quantum computer has by Cupid, because to keep it more than a bit. We'll see that but still so we'll see the math. 76 00:14:42.865 --> 00:14:47.304 We'll see quantum computer algorithms and we'll see IBM. 77 00:14:48.870 --> 00:14:53.125 How to use quantum computer and. 78 00:14:54.534 --> 00:15:05.695 The reason IBM is putting so much money into this and I don't know how much money they're spending, but it's a seriously nontrivial amount. Give you an idea. Their quantum computers. 79 00:15:06.235 --> 00:15:15.205 They operate in a cryogenic environment at a temperature of approximately. I think it's one fifty s of a degree Calvin. 80 00:15:16.404 --> 00:15:25.134 So that's one two hundreds of the reporting point of helium for. That's seriously called. 81 00:15:26.610 --> 00:15:33.445 Okay, and this I think is IBM is betting the company on this. 82 00:15:35.575 --> 00:15:47.904 Okay, assessment measures will have homeworks class presentations two weeks. Well, actually of the course of about fourteen weeks altogether. 83 00:15:47.904 --> 00:15:59.575 Three of those fourteen weeks will be spoken presentations. So you'll have two presentations. I'd say five, ten minutes, long sales force in the tweak ever taken in a class project. 84 00:16:01.044 --> 00:16:05.725 And give her take five homeworks there will be no exams. 85 00:16:07.554 --> 00:16:15.774 And also for the homeworks and projects, I encourage you to do them in teams of two students. 86 00:16:17.129 --> 00:16:27.985 I know this is difficult. Everyone being remote, but I'll try and think of a way. It won't be absolutely required, but we'll be strongly encouraged. 87 00:16:29.190 --> 00:16:43.075 These are the class presentations, so you create a visible video presentation and uploaded and I can show it or you can show it over WebEx or something. I'll give you a list of topics, but anything related to the course. 88 00:16:43.289 --> 00:16:58.075 So project you can do in teams. Two to four students, give a written report, looking like a conference paper and a presentation and video recorded video presentation. So. 89 00:17:01.080 --> 00:17:06.714 Grading I intend to use great scope and unless it turns out not to work. Well. 90 00:17:08.664 --> 00:17:22.015 It is better than LMS and this content management system. My homepage that I gave you by Google and doing the obvious stuff there and my intent is to write down everything. That's important. 91 00:17:22.859 --> 00:17:32.275 And if, for example, I write things, well, I'll be writing things on the pad of paper, then my intent is after the class, the scan it and upload it. 92 00:17:32.875 --> 00:17:41.365 And also, the intent is that I'm recording this right now, and we'll upload the video file later. 93 00:17:43.644 --> 00:17:46.224 This is all subject to the hardware working. 94 00:17:47.460 --> 00:17:54.805 So, okay, I'm mentioning here, the IBM quantum computing simulator so. 95 00:17:56.394 --> 00:18:09.384 Should you want a more serious computer for something? Not directly needed for the course but I do have available a dual fourteen core Z and fifty six gigabytes of main memory. Anyone wants it to play with it. 96 00:18:09.384 --> 00:18:17.454 And so on anything that's legal and ethical, and it doesn't make money is okay. Okay. 97 00:18:17.454 --> 00:18:29.244 Oh, I, also, when I convert to a letter great, if you participated positively in class suggestions and stuff like that, and you just pull out a boundary, this post push you up. So. 98 00:18:30.000 --> 00:18:33.654 I'll talk about in a minute and creating things here. 99 00:18:36.444 --> 00:18:48.325 The policies are fairly liberal, I think you're encouraged to ask questions that sort of thing and. 100 00:18:49.680 --> 00:19:04.224 You're encouraged to attend in real time, but I will upload it if you have conflicts and so and so you can watch the recording later when we do homework. So we'll like him to come in on time. But if you solve stories compelling enough yeah, I'll be. 101 00:19:04.224 --> 00:19:06.894 Okay, I'll take it, but, you know, make a good. 102 00:19:07.890 --> 00:19:10.224 They solve story, I mean, okay. 103 00:19:12.390 --> 00:19:27.295 The projects okay. Oh, I have what I call no. At all points. So, if I make a non trivial mistaken class and I do make mistakes every few decades no, I, I do make mistakes in class. 104 00:19:28.045 --> 00:19:38.664 The first person who reports a non trivial error to me. We'll get a bonus point and one student could get several bonus points and you should provide the material that I use in class. 105 00:19:44.730 --> 00:19:51.474 Any sort of homework and project. You encourage to build on prior art. If you got legal access to Adidas, have to acknowledge it. 106 00:19:52.200 --> 00:20:01.855 So, you know, look around, if you see a project on get help or something or whatever, then you want to build on it for your project. Just acknowledge it that sort of. 107 00:20:03.295 --> 00:20:17.454 And again, you know, obviously if you're giving a short presentation to the class, you summarizing existing materials. So you just say, well, I'm summarizing stories, talk on X, that sort of thing. 108 00:20:19.825 --> 00:20:30.384 And the one thing with great scope is tells me to tell you that you have to allow great scope to have copies of your homework if it's going to create and educational rights. 109 00:20:32.244 --> 00:20:35.994 And again for computers, I hope the computers work but. 110 00:20:36.809 --> 00:20:39.535 The computers I'm cynical. 111 00:20:40.585 --> 00:20:53.214 Okay, some summary or another thing is for pie, though, some of the different ways the quiz could IBM some. 112 00:20:54.599 --> 00:21:04.404 Programming environment for the queue they called the quarter machine acute machine. It can be programmed sort of, in Python or by drawing basically circuit diagrams. 113 00:21:05.154 --> 00:21:19.855 We may will may easily end up using pipe, interactive Python notebooks. Jupiter is that type of Python notebook, and it may work into using that soon. So you have to get competent in Python. 114 00:21:21.384 --> 00:21:29.875 So I might talk about that. Maybe Thursday or something. I don't know. Thing was quantum computing. It has a lot of different, physical realizations. 115 00:21:30.325 --> 00:21:37.140 Ibm is one it's like, the start of any new technology automobiles. 116 00:21:37.134 --> 00:21:44.845 Let's say there are a lot of new small car companies say around nineteen hundred and then basically, 117 00:21:44.845 --> 00:21:45.144 the, 118 00:21:46.109 --> 00:21:46.525 you know, 119 00:21:46.585 --> 00:21:54.355 the standard internal combustion engine one over the stand steamer faded away electric cars faded away f***, 120 00:21:54.355 --> 00:21:55.255 nineteen hundred now. 121 00:21:55.644 --> 00:22:02.694 And we, but at the start, people didn't know what was the best idea and there are a lot of different physical realizations. We see that with quantum computing. 122 00:22:03.714 --> 00:22:15.625 And talking about that, grover's algorithm is an algorithm, it's just searching algorithm that can be done faster on quantum computers and. 123 00:22:16.859 --> 00:22:21.384 Basically, if you have a black box function within inputs and one it exactly. 124 00:22:21.384 --> 00:22:35.785 One of the inputs will make, you know, but one, the other and minus one inputs will make the output zero, which is the input, which makes it succeed and classical computing and inputs one by one. Excuse me? 125 00:22:35.785 --> 00:22:44.035 It takes time and with quantum computing, it takes time Square, root event, quantum orientation. 126 00:22:45.990 --> 00:22:54.954 There's interesting thing called and tangle bits I'll get to at some point and you can have two candidates, 127 00:22:55.589 --> 00:22:56.785 which are entangled, 128 00:22:56.785 --> 00:23:02.575 which means that the one person observes the state that one is in. 129 00:23:03.265 --> 00:23:17.785 Then the other person, it will restrict what the other person will see when he looks at his, even if the other person is say thousands of miles away, we'll talk about something, but it does not allow back to the communication. And there's this list is here. 130 00:23:17.785 --> 00:23:24.174 It's preliminary, but it gives you an idea. I'll probably modify it. 131 00:23:25.079 --> 00:23:25.950 Okay, 132 00:23:27.894 --> 00:23:36.295 my required academic integrity thing on role you can collaborate, 133 00:23:36.960 --> 00:23:40.704 but if several teams collaborate and write it up separately, 134 00:23:41.244 --> 00:23:43.404 and I get hints to people who ask, 135 00:23:45.684 --> 00:23:47.634 and again you can get help, 136 00:23:47.634 --> 00:23:48.744 but right it up yourself. 137 00:23:48.984 --> 00:24:01.434 English is not your native language. You're welcome to use the writing center and so on. I'm assuming they're not giving technical health, but you're welcome to use sources like that, but you should acknowledge them. 138 00:24:04.285 --> 00:24:16.825 I get ads for sites on the web that for a fee well, clean up the language and papers and so on some of these ads are not themselves using one English. So don't use those. 139 00:24:18.085 --> 00:24:21.204 And, okay. 140 00:24:22.734 --> 00:24:31.315 Oh, what else? Well, other people are welcome there's nothing confidential in my course. 141 00:24:31.799 --> 00:24:45.055 Other people are welcome to watch, you know, I don't care. You don't have to be a whatever else you're welcome to save the videos using later. 142 00:24:45.565 --> 00:24:59.365 Don't make money off of them. You know, don't do out of context, slicing and that sort of thing. I don't know if your parents wanted to talk to me. I'd be glad to talk to them all that sort of stuff. 143 00:25:00.150 --> 00:25:12.984 So, and also apart from the course, I didn't write this down. I'm game to talk to you about any topic that's legal and ethical. It doesn't have to be related to the course doesn't have to be related to RPI. 144 00:25:13.674 --> 00:25:17.694 And even after the course is over. So. 145 00:25:19.285 --> 00:25:26.125 Some sort of community here. Let me show you some other stuff I put on the blog. 146 00:25:27.960 --> 00:25:40.494 And again, the syllabus on the top bar, you can get the I set up a PS thing and this is a way for the class to exchange. 147 00:25:42.119 --> 00:25:46.105 You know, questions and answers outside of class time. 148 00:25:46.410 --> 00:25:57.805 So you're welcome to I've enrolled everyone that was in the course as of yesterday and you can see. 149 00:25:59.519 --> 00:26:04.884 Okay, I don't want to sign in right now, but it's a place to both questions and that sort of thing. 150 00:26:06.894 --> 00:26:14.275 And if you're feeling bashful, I've enabled anonymous question posting. I think I see who you are, but your friends don't. 151 00:26:17.454 --> 00:26:31.674 Okay, great scope. I mentioned that if you're curious what I do, I do parallel geometry algorithms, a large community designed geographic information science and I got files and stuff on my homepage. 152 00:26:33.630 --> 00:26:39.085 So that is like the syllabus type information for the course. 153 00:26:41.220 --> 00:26:46.345 Any questions or anything again I'm watching the chat chat, 154 00:26:47.005 --> 00:26:55.285 so okay if not, 155 00:26:58.464 --> 00:27:00.894 I'll show a video clips. 156 00:27:04.200 --> 00:27:04.440 Hello. 157 00:27:21.505 --> 00:27:25.375 And let me just see is working. 158 00:27:36.029 --> 00:27:37.644 Okay, okay. 159 00:27:37.644 --> 00:27:52.375 That one's still working and I just see how things are working 160 00:27:52.464 --> 00:27:53.214 here. 161 00:27:59.934 --> 00:28:03.595 Still a number of people present. Okay. 162 00:28:19.315 --> 00:28:20.214 We want. 163 00:28:41.454 --> 00:28:43.194 Kill thing so much. 164 00:28:46.589 --> 00:28:49.734 You sick here and I'll see if I can. 165 00:28:50.609 --> 00:28:51.535 So, thank you. 166 00:29:15.839 --> 00:29:18.775 Cool technology occasionally works. 167 00:29:19.194 --> 00:29:34.015 So what I have here is a a fifteen minute TED talk and so 168 00:29:34.015 --> 00:29:35.305 this is I'll scroll down. 169 00:29:35.305 --> 00:29:43.255 So you can see what are you. Okay. So, is a little non technical introduction up here and then ask if there's any questions. 170 00:29:43.619 --> 00:29:51.234 And then we can, I'll have a more technical talk, which leave everyone confused, but that's okay. 171 00:29:53.430 --> 00:29:58.974 So, let me just add, Charlie. Good fun. 172 00:30:00.420 --> 00:30:00.630 That. 173 00:30:07.555 --> 00:30:08.005 And. 174 00:30:12.029 --> 00:30:15.174 I'm just I'm trying to all. 175 00:30:18.240 --> 00:30:20.335 I need to try to pass for colon. 176 00:30:22.470 --> 00:30:32.214 Okay, got it good. Okay. I'm trying to pull the YouTube into a separate window. 177 00:30:33.299 --> 00:30:40.855 I'm on a separate window here and so I can have a chat window open. 178 00:30:42.269 --> 00:30:42.809 Good. 179 00:30:48.029 --> 00:30:57.775 Yeah, that's still working. Okay. Good. Okay. 180 00:30:58.890 --> 00:31:02.605 I'll start it, so now, while in full screening, this. 181 00:31:05.759 --> 00:31:06.055 To the, 182 00:31:06.535 --> 00:31:07.105 the, 183 00:31:07.944 --> 00:31:08.424 and it says, 184 00:31:08.424 --> 00:31:08.845 I'll just, 185 00:31:08.845 --> 00:31:12.654 I'll make sure that there's sound actually and then all full screen it 186 00:31:12.654 --> 00:31:33.174 plus. 187 00:31:33.204 --> 00:31:34.224 Okay. Thank you. 188 00:31:39.714 --> 00:31:40.765 So, I'm going. 189 00:32:00.805 --> 00:32:07.585 All restarted once I get to sound and if everybody is honest, 190 00:32:08.275 --> 00:32:09.355 and the coin is fair, 191 00:32:09.775 --> 00:32:23.845 then you have a fifty percent chance of winning and to confirm that I asked my students to play this game on after many many tries their winning rate ended up being fifty percent. 192 00:32:39.984 --> 00:32:51.295 Imagine that you are in Las Vegas in a casino? That is cool. 193 00:33:06.085 --> 00:33:17.184 Testing, let's see here. 194 00:34:09.505 --> 00:34:12.114 Of computers, just like you, my name. 195 00:34:17.130 --> 00:34:18.235 The aim just like a. 196 00:36:17.460 --> 00:36:17.610 A. 197 00:37:24.414 --> 00:37:25.735 It's all my likes. 198 00:37:29.695 --> 00:37:30.144 Soft. 199 00:37:41.489 --> 00:37:54.144 I go off in football you off. 200 00:37:59.849 --> 00:38:00.179 True. 201 00:38:17.400 --> 00:38:17.699 Hello? 202 00:38:47.695 --> 00:38:48.385 Hello. 203 00:38:56.849 --> 00:39:05.425 Okay, all the problem is, this is that is this better now. 204 00:39:06.985 --> 00:39:17.454 Oh, okay. 205 00:42:08.755 --> 00:42:10.735 Okay, thank you. So. 206 00:42:13.230 --> 00:42:15.175 And it's quite loud. Well. 207 00:42:23.485 --> 00:42:36.264 Probably easier for you to do that one of your end. Although let me see what we've got here for audio settings. Input is all down to zero. Actually. 208 00:42:39.625 --> 00:42:41.184 Set that back to internal. 209 00:42:42.534 --> 00:42:49.375 Okay. All right. Sorry? 210 00:42:55.614 --> 00:43:09.025 Oh, okay good. Okay. I'll have to write some stuff then and give you a quick introduction, assuming that I can get the webcam thing working. 211 00:43:09.025 --> 00:43:10.644 So, give me a second here. 212 00:43:19.525 --> 00:43:32.994 And I'll switch over on, share it with you once I get it working, it's not working at the moment either. 213 00:43:33.420 --> 00:43:39.474 So yes, yes yes. Yes. Everything is allowed. 214 00:43:49.525 --> 00:43:53.065 Getting the webcam working involves. 215 00:43:58.344 --> 00:43:59.574 Killing things. 216 00:44:05.724 --> 00:44:10.764 The key to getting webcam working is to restart the software several times. 217 00:44:12.925 --> 00:44:25.074 Tv corner we actually have, we actually have something working here. 218 00:44:42.085 --> 00:44:43.344 Okay, so. 219 00:44:45.324 --> 00:44:46.465 Share webcam. 220 00:45:01.224 --> 00:45:03.114 Okay, so. 221 00:45:05.635 --> 00:45:17.635 It's not working this was working when I tested it before. 222 00:45:56.454 --> 00:45:58.074 Okay, not. 223 00:46:05.094 --> 00:46:05.755 Webcam. 224 00:46:21.534 --> 00:46:26.605 Oh, okay, good. No. 225 00:46:55.405 --> 00:46:58.045 Sure, it's supposed to share itself. 226 00:47:07.045 --> 00:47:08.425 It's not sharing it with you. 227 00:47:27.295 --> 00:47:28.434 Okay, cool. 228 00:47:31.315 --> 00:47:38.454 So what we have here is okay, 229 00:47:39.414 --> 00:47:52.525 so let me just check if you spell. 230 00:47:57.474 --> 00:48:08.364 Okay. There's no problem. Okay because I want to go to full screen. Okay. So what is happening here? 231 00:48:09.030 --> 00:48:16.914 Quick introduction to quantum computing if you have let's see what what somebody said here. 232 00:48:21.059 --> 00:48:27.835 I am winded in my headphones. Okay. 233 00:48:28.650 --> 00:48:30.235 Is that? So. 234 00:48:37.494 --> 00:48:39.264 okay so normal bits here 235 00:48:42.835 --> 00:48:46.224 You know, you've got another one. Okay. And. 236 00:48:47.755 --> 00:48:53.065 So that it can be, it can be there or one and then you can do Gates like that. 237 00:48:55.554 --> 00:48:57.474 You know, whatever. 238 00:48:58.650 --> 00:49:07.494 i'm sorry i'm saying. that's starting to engage like that. and you know something goes in zero and one goes in zero comes out 239 00:49:47.849 --> 00:49:51.655 Most Gates backwards. Okay. 240 00:49:54.684 --> 00:50:03.534 Update you can, but the end game you cannot install. Okay now quantum computing. So, two bits. 241 00:50:06.175 --> 00:50:11.125 They tend to get this the second here. I'm pulling something up here. 242 00:50:16.795 --> 00:50:24.954 Okay, I'm just pulling up something to help my. Okay. 243 00:50:28.735 --> 00:50:30.414 So, the, a. 244 00:50:32.724 --> 00:50:37.164 what's a cube bed. is it some 245 00:50:41.545 --> 00:50:43.045 And so linear condo. 246 00:50:47.880 --> 00:50:59.514 have two basis states. and. then they're written as like it's a funny notation 247 00:51:02.034 --> 00:51:14.994 This is a vertical bar. This is a right angle bracket and we get a zero or one in between. Okay. So so, QB two will be it'll be any times. 248 00:51:18.239 --> 00:51:23.155 Anytime that, and that's how it's written. That's be times that. 249 00:51:24.239 --> 00:51:26.545 Where a, and B, our complex. 250 00:51:28.530 --> 00:51:32.994 Their contacts numbers and a squared plus B squared equals run. 251 00:51:34.440 --> 00:51:48.385 So, we could have a queue bed, which was just there. I like that. That's okay, Ron. It could be, let's say. 252 00:51:52.344 --> 00:51:57.204 You know, five, six, zero point, eight times run. 253 00:51:58.349 --> 00:52:13.315 Something like that, for example. And so so a bit a normal bit, it's not one bit of information, but acute bed has got to some degree freedom. It can be. 254 00:52:13.824 --> 00:52:18.505 Basically the, the rate on the zero can be anything. 255 00:52:19.974 --> 00:52:32.784 In a complex number, and it was magnitude is not more than run and then wait on the one is the other so already acute. It has has more information than a. 256 00:52:35.034 --> 00:52:40.135 Then a normal bit now. 257 00:52:49.644 --> 00:52:53.034 No, really the way you're looking at that is. 258 00:52:56.394 --> 00:53:00.505 Q, it's in bouncy States. 259 00:53:03.114 --> 00:53:08.965 The two basis stage zero and they run simultaneously. 260 00:53:15.324 --> 00:53:16.014 And say. 261 00:53:17.820 --> 00:53:27.864 Super Super position of them and. 262 00:53:30.385 --> 00:53:37.465 So this is a big thing in quantum computing, quantum physics so that this. 263 00:53:38.489 --> 00:53:47.695 This object this quantum bit this Cupid, it's simultaneously into two different states with these two weights of a, and B. 264 00:53:49.644 --> 00:53:56.394 No, if you observe. 265 00:53:58.440 --> 00:54:01.795 Q, what will happen. 266 00:54:02.730 --> 00:54:10.224 Is that a collapsible and to either. 267 00:54:14.425 --> 00:54:17.454 Zero then. 268 00:54:20.215 --> 00:54:31.735 With probabilities a squared and B Square. I go back to see it was any chat questions for the moment. 269 00:54:37.764 --> 00:54:38.905 I am Jay. 270 00:54:41.250 --> 00:54:44.005 Yeah, probably I so. 271 00:54:50.425 --> 00:55:04.195 Oh, boy. Oh, okay. So I'll go back to this and okay. Again, so I can see your check questions only when I a full screen this. 272 00:55:05.065 --> 00:55:19.704 Oh, okay. So the thing is so too bad it's superposition of those two states and we cannot observe. We can observe those weights directly so big points. 273 00:55:22.344 --> 00:55:23.815 We cannot observe. 274 00:55:26.010 --> 00:55:40.704 And the okay directly we can observe, we can observe the probability that, you know, we can infer something by what we see when it collapses. 275 00:55:42.090 --> 00:55:48.144 And also observing changes queue. 276 00:55:51.295 --> 00:55:53.485 And Larson cannot. 277 00:55:58.885 --> 00:55:59.454 Okay. 278 00:56:01.585 --> 00:56:07.315 Copy or whatever now there's a shorthand for you, which we can write as. 279 00:56:11.815 --> 00:56:15.655 We can say to close this com vector a, and B. 280 00:56:17.905 --> 00:56:25.315 Raid zero original you've been up here and be so right on the run. So, this is a shorthand. Okay. 281 00:56:26.215 --> 00:56:39.175 So is a factor and again aim B, are complex numbers and the other element to the context field and, and again, a square square equals one. 282 00:56:39.385 --> 00:56:50.034 So you could say, for example, you know, you could say, Q, equals a point six point eight or something like that. 283 00:56:52.105 --> 00:56:57.114 Whatever that offer now six point eight and so on. Oh, okay. 284 00:56:58.349 --> 00:57:03.804 So this is among two bit machine now. Surely let me. 285 00:57:05.369 --> 00:57:09.594 No questions. Okay. Okay. No. 286 00:57:13.315 --> 00:57:16.525 I'll scan these pages and after. 287 00:57:18.300 --> 00:57:21.534 Okay, three. Okay. Now. 288 00:57:26.275 --> 00:57:38.965 So you operate on you with a two by two matrix to Terry so it's gonna be 289 00:57:43.735 --> 00:57:44.724 it means it's, 290 00:57:45.510 --> 00:57:53.364 it basically keeps factors of length one to one before I'll give you some examples. 291 00:57:57.804 --> 00:58:08.335 Let's see. I'm trying to find care. 292 00:58:15.085 --> 00:58:23.635 I was looking up some examples here. Okay. 293 00:58:31.465 --> 00:58:41.815 It's called an X matrix and the matrix is say around one zero, let's say okay, so what does that do? 294 00:58:44.664 --> 00:58:48.864 Supply it to a B. 295 00:58:50.155 --> 00:58:54.355 A B, but that is going to give you a. 296 00:58:56.670 --> 00:59:01.824 So, it's effectively like a doc. Okay. It's like a knock. 297 00:59:04.914 --> 00:59:09.804 But notice the, what again it changes to. 298 00:59:19.045 --> 00:59:31.764 Okay, it changes to it's a bad in fact. Okay. And you can run it backwards. Okay. That's a really simple one. 299 00:59:33.054 --> 00:59:44.605 It's called the thing. I'll give you another run. Let's see. There's something called ally and that is. 300 00:59:48.775 --> 00:59:51.744 Okay, so if we apply that to a B. 301 00:59:54.804 --> 01:00:04.074 We are going to get and I okay. 302 01:00:06.505 --> 01:00:11.215 Give you another one Z to zero, 303 01:00:15.625 --> 01:00:16.074 zero, 304 01:00:16.224 --> 01:00:16.644 zero, 305 01:00:16.644 --> 01:00:19.074 minus one and so on, 306 01:00:19.074 --> 01:00:21.625 you get the idea a number of these. 307 01:00:24.715 --> 01:00:29.094 And there's a famous ROM called head of marred matrix will use a lot. 308 01:00:32.280 --> 01:00:35.485 Called H, and it is. 309 01:00:38.280 --> 01:00:50.514 And actually is a scale up the front, and it is and scale factors to keep. 310 01:00:53.340 --> 01:00:58.284 To keep the thing from not growing stuff and if we apply this to say a, 311 01:00:59.250 --> 01:01:03.594 what we're going to get is for the top, 312 01:01:03.594 --> 01:01:05.155 we're going to get a cross, 313 01:01:05.155 --> 01:01:06.385 be over Square, 314 01:01:06.414 --> 01:01:07.344 two friendly, 315 01:01:07.710 --> 01:01:08.784 first component, 316 01:01:09.144 --> 01:01:09.264 an, 317 01:01:09.264 --> 01:01:12.355 a minus or square to for the second. 318 01:01:14.215 --> 01:01:25.675 And if you do, you're ending all my calls, and but I can hear you, thank you. Oh, you you muted yourself? Oh, that's right. Thing to do. Okay. Good. 319 01:01:27.175 --> 01:01:37.465 Okay, so the head of our Matrix, you're going to see a lot it's got to scale on the front just to keep the determine the right amount. And so that times AB, gives this. 320 01:01:38.519 --> 01:01:44.934 Okay, so it mixes things up in a way. Okay so the point is. 321 01:01:46.469 --> 01:02:00.264 We can, we can operate on a cube bed and again to the Cuba to value it some. 322 01:02:01.619 --> 01:02:15.985 It's a two vector AP with the likes being run and it is is a superposition of the two zero basically to burn a run Cupid with 323 01:02:17.155 --> 01:02:18.114 these weights. 324 01:02:18.900 --> 01:02:21.744 Okay. And. 325 01:02:22.650 --> 01:02:27.025 Let me see other questions side the paper out yeah. Okay. 326 01:02:28.019 --> 01:02:32.514 Okay, so so far things are a little. 327 01:02:33.570 --> 01:02:39.264 Trivial and not interesting yet, but that's the only one bit. So, let me. 328 01:02:43.344 --> 01:02:54.505 Let's actually do two minutes. Okay that's good. Fancy now. Or. 329 01:02:56.099 --> 01:02:58.045 Okay, that's two two, but. 330 01:02:59.730 --> 01:03:02.695 One and Q two. Okay. 331 01:03:02.695 --> 01:03:03.235 So Q, 332 01:03:03.235 --> 01:03:13.195 Ron Avon be Ron to a close to when we put them together and assist, 333 01:03:15.480 --> 01:03:15.985 you know, 334 01:03:15.985 --> 01:03:25.585 we combine them and I don't know, 335 01:03:25.585 --> 01:03:27.414 we could write a different notations. 336 01:03:27.414 --> 01:03:37.135 Maybe here we close. Q. one to perhaps. And we get basically an exterior product of the. 337 01:03:38.429 --> 01:03:44.844 Of them, and this is not gonna be a factor and. 338 01:03:49.195 --> 01:04:02.994 So, because we wouldn't get some looks like this a one B, one is the first one and the second one is there other way it is gonna be that. 339 01:04:03.835 --> 01:04:07.465 A one B to zero one. 340 01:04:09.239 --> 01:04:15.655 To be one zero they to be two point one. 341 01:04:18.985 --> 01:04:27.775 So, the combat, the re, run two bit linear combo, the two basis factor, zero and run. 342 01:04:28.559 --> 01:04:38.815 Two bits in one system are linear combo, all the exterior product, the basis factors for the two, two bits. 343 01:04:40.380 --> 01:04:53.034 It's gonna be a superposition a third possible states zero, zero, zero, one, zero and run one. And there's two four. Wait. So. 344 01:04:54.449 --> 01:04:58.735 The system was to carry bets. 345 01:04:59.664 --> 01:05:05.364 It's a factor and then the rates will add up to. 346 01:05:06.599 --> 01:05:09.025 The weight scoring will add up to run so. 347 01:05:12.594 --> 01:05:17.844 Squared B. J. square and Jay equals one. 348 01:05:19.974 --> 01:05:25.614 Okay, and we can also operate on this. 349 01:05:27.929 --> 01:05:28.914 You operate. 350 01:05:33.269 --> 01:05:38.784 Let's say four by four matrix. Oh, okay. 351 01:05:40.050 --> 01:05:52.795 Now, and then, so basically, this too Cupid thing, it's going to be represented as a factor. 352 01:05:53.099 --> 01:06:03.505 So you can also rep to say a B. C. D or something. It's a form factor here. Okay. I created this thing. This is for exterior product, or. 353 01:06:04.650 --> 01:06:10.195 Cross product companies for things, so so so the two Cupid system, it's got weights. 354 01:06:13.494 --> 01:06:24.295 Okay no, we can get fancy here page, five, three system. 355 01:06:30.295 --> 01:06:36.144 Has eight ways so, 356 01:06:36.655 --> 01:06:38.815 and so to have something, 357 01:06:39.175 --> 01:06:39.985 basically, 358 01:06:40.619 --> 01:06:40.885 you know, 359 01:06:41.545 --> 01:06:42.085 eight of them, 360 01:06:42.744 --> 01:06:50.605 and it could be represented initially created as something like a zero a B zero. 361 01:06:51.625 --> 01:06:57.235 What's my notation? Be a good. 362 01:06:59.099 --> 01:07:06.355 I get my notation, right? Yeah, and run the run. See one. 363 01:07:07.465 --> 01:07:15.565 Zero zero zero. Next compound is a one V one C two. Is there a wandered group? And so on eight ways. 364 01:07:16.349 --> 01:07:19.525 Okay, so if it's and we cubic system. 365 01:07:22.885 --> 01:07:28.855 We would have two hundred and fifty. It's two hundred and fifty six element factor. 366 01:07:32.545 --> 01:07:38.364 Okay oh, okay. Let me just see if there's any comments so far. 367 01:07:40.945 --> 01:07:55.735 Zero okay. Okay. Let me go back up. So the component would imply a negative probability. I'm not answering Ricardo. 368 01:07:56.695 --> 01:08:08.574 No because of public bounty side. The square are the squared awaits. Well, it's still rains. It's the wait times. Wait star. So. 369 01:08:23.545 --> 01:08:38.034 Square, actually, it's a star it's, you know, that there is a conjugate in there. 370 01:08:38.760 --> 01:08:50.664 It's there's a conference calling in there. 371 01:08:52.345 --> 01:08:57.324 Yes, so they're all positive. Okay. 372 01:08:59.069 --> 01:09:08.064 So, okay, so so transforming this so an operator. 373 01:09:10.079 --> 01:09:15.805 Here it is a two fifty six by two, fifty, six matrix. 374 01:09:18.354 --> 01:09:22.314 Okay, and and the system. 375 01:09:24.270 --> 01:09:27.085 As a system, it's a superposition. 376 01:09:31.645 --> 01:09:33.835 Up two hundred and fifty six states. 377 01:09:39.414 --> 01:09:40.555 And the operator. 378 01:09:43.350 --> 01:09:55.734 Transforms two fifty six. Oh, okay. So, let me see, there's more questions. Okay. Okay. 379 01:09:55.734 --> 01:10:09.715 So with you see, already. So we made Cubans we are two hundred and fifty six degrees of freedom in the status of the eight kilobits. And this is where. 380 01:10:11.489 --> 01:10:17.125 Things get interesting. The operator on the Cupid system, it's. 381 01:10:18.989 --> 01:10:26.185 It can be basically managing around with two hundred and fifty six numbers and this is growing exponentially. 382 01:10:27.444 --> 01:10:31.555 And that is where the potential power wise, 383 01:10:31.885 --> 01:10:32.095 I mean, 384 01:10:32.095 --> 01:10:36.835 have you got I've been showing you details why this thing is powerful, 385 01:10:37.380 --> 01:10:43.854 but giving you a very vague idea that things are starting to get interesting here. 386 01:10:43.854 --> 01:10:57.925 At least. Now, of course, a Cupid that's building that thing. It's a bit, like I said, IBM is free quantum computer is only five Cubics. 387 01:10:58.555 --> 01:11:09.234 So, but okay, there's also shows the simulator. The free simulator, you know, is going to simulate a couple of Cupid. It's fine. 388 01:11:09.354 --> 01:11:17.935 Send me that you sent me is gonna be working the simulated need Cupid system. Okay because classical that will take. 389 01:11:18.869 --> 01:11:23.064 The two hundred, the exponential amount of time. Okay. 390 01:11:26.904 --> 01:11:29.694 An observation I mentioned is you cannot. 391 01:11:31.675 --> 01:11:44.125 Observe a quantum state directly. What you do is you apply I'm measurement operator to it. That projects it down into under a basis is I can vector spaces. 392 01:11:45.715 --> 01:11:59.935 You can well, I talked to Peter graphics, for example, an arbitrary factor. You projected onto a rotate onto a rotation axis or something by the way these operators since everything is linked. These are all locations actually. 393 01:12:00.414 --> 01:12:14.395 So, I like to link everything together that I teach in different courses. So we saw rotations and computer graphics user rotations except if you've got two cubic rotation and four dimensional space. 394 01:12:14.755 --> 01:12:15.024 And, 395 01:12:15.024 --> 01:12:15.984 in fact, 396 01:12:17.635 --> 01:12:31.045 if you have got one cubic state of the kit is actually somewhere on the surface of the sphere suitable number of dimensions, 397 01:12:31.045 --> 01:12:32.125 cover block sphere. 398 01:12:33.085 --> 01:12:44.935 And the operators are all rotations of a sort rotations actually defined as in operation freezers. Right. So so these, these operators are rotations. 399 01:12:46.074 --> 01:13:00.114 And so, so far it's starting to get touching and so information is not to start. All of these matrices are convertible. Okay so then service you apply measurement operator. 400 01:13:00.895 --> 01:13:01.404 Excuse me? 401 01:13:02.604 --> 01:13:05.185 And the measurement operator projects, the. 402 01:13:06.600 --> 01:13:10.345 The Cube bit onto the measurement operator has a, 403 01:13:10.675 --> 01:13:12.175 as a coordinate system in it, 404 01:13:12.354 --> 01:13:23.274 depending on what the operator is and the measurement operator projects that Cupid onto one of the axis of to coordinate system with probabilities, 405 01:13:23.274 --> 01:13:24.324 according to the weight. 406 01:13:24.475 --> 01:13:38.215 And it actually changes the, it changes the Cupid talk about that more later. Okay, well, let me give you so you can measure the them twice, or you can, but it changed. Oh, okay. 407 01:13:40.020 --> 01:13:40.854 Okay, so. 408 01:13:46.920 --> 01:13:48.925 Let me write that down. Okay. 409 01:14:00.475 --> 01:14:01.494 Is there to. 410 01:14:05.875 --> 01:14:08.005 Applying a measurement operator. 411 01:14:15.414 --> 01:14:20.725 And, yeah. 412 01:14:21.659 --> 01:14:28.284 It has a, it has a. 413 01:14:30.449 --> 01:14:39.654 it has a basis. it has a basis like you know. that. or. that 414 01:14:40.800 --> 01:14:52.494 Et cetera okay. Doesn't have to basis. It depends on what the operator is. You, you can design your operator and it projects. Well. 415 01:14:54.840 --> 01:15:00.505 It predicts to onto. 416 01:15:05.814 --> 01:15:07.585 Which basis factors. 417 01:15:12.899 --> 01:15:22.675 That's probably okay. A squared and B squared. It's actually a. 418 01:15:23.880 --> 01:15:32.694 Congress conjured today and being. Okay. Yeah. Actually, I should write that to be. Yeah. Okay. 419 01:15:33.869 --> 01:15:39.564 And it changes that. Okay, so it's just an operator like anything else here. 420 01:15:42.265 --> 01:15:48.234 But it changes cue and you observe is that was probability. 421 01:15:50.550 --> 01:15:58.675 Okay now thing sounds totally crazy. 422 01:16:08.635 --> 01:16:09.414 Crazy. 423 01:16:11.904 --> 01:16:16.314 There's only one thing that. 424 01:16:17.939 --> 01:16:21.835 The experiments. 425 01:16:25.524 --> 01:16:38.095 Confirm it it's crazy. It's nonsensical. The only thing and it's defense is it appears to be true. 426 01:16:39.270 --> 01:16:41.814 But, apart from that, it's crazy and nonsensical. So. 427 01:16:44.609 --> 01:16:57.774 What, if I get serious for a moment, the progress of physics is observing new things that are crazy, but just happened to be true and give you another example. 428 01:17:02.274 --> 01:17:05.064 Okay, gravity. 429 01:17:07.734 --> 01:17:19.284 So let's look a little the physics history of gravity let me go back to here. So I can see, okay if you've got questions you can pop them up now. Okay. So gravity. 430 01:17:21.385 --> 01:17:31.975 So, I guess give or take in the fourteen hundreds observe planets of the solar system. 431 01:17:32.965 --> 01:17:36.385 And they. 432 01:17:37.885 --> 01:17:48.354 A computer observation, only they followed certain paths and I guess I'm being a little sloppy here, but is Kevlar. 433 01:17:48.899 --> 01:18:03.175 I saw that they were went into ellipses. I think and Copernicus came in here that they went in ellipses with the sun, add one of the of the at a certain speed around the lips. 434 01:18:04.135 --> 01:18:16.645 And and Newton came in and explain this, I was if there was a move force, he called gravity that. 435 01:18:17.935 --> 01:18:24.055 Or the, or the sound attracted the planets with a force that was inverse square the distance. 436 01:18:24.895 --> 01:18:35.755 And if you combine that with the laws of motion that, you know, the momentum stay constant, unless affected by the force. 437 01:18:37.135 --> 01:18:47.125 And that that explained was a theoretical explanation for the I'm just up here. You can see me actually. Okay. 438 01:18:48.479 --> 01:18:57.805 Yeah. Okay so this is a theoretical explanation. Okay just so you can see me better. 439 01:18:59.159 --> 01:19:02.965 Yeah, you're actually looking at come on just a second. 440 01:19:10.524 --> 01:19:24.895 Yeah. Okay. Something like that. Maybe. Okay so, explain this. But what it took for his explanation was, let's do this here. Good. 441 01:19:25.074 --> 01:19:25.284 So, 442 01:19:25.284 --> 01:19:35.725 it took for moon's explanation was this concept of this action to a vacuum that the sun, 443 01:19:37.015 --> 01:19:44.034 somehow the sun exerted right to go back and pull down the planets in the moon. 444 01:19:44.034 --> 01:19:51.324 The earth exhorted the sport. And this was totally crazy. People refused to accept that. 445 01:19:51.744 --> 01:19:52.585 This is, 446 01:19:52.585 --> 01:19:59.814 how can they be going to the vacuum like this and going such a long distance and, 447 01:19:59.814 --> 01:20:00.385 in fact, 448 01:20:00.630 --> 01:20:05.185 people recheck some people had other explanations, 449 01:20:05.185 --> 01:20:13.645 save for the orbits of the planets involving very seas in space and space and all these what it sees in the vertices dragged around the planets and that was the much. 450 01:20:14.550 --> 01:20:27.864 Most sensible thing, then this so nice and visible first going to the vacuum. The problem with this and experimental observations, disproved it. 451 01:20:28.734 --> 01:20:43.585 And the company sees is, they cannot explain retrograde orbits, you can put enough parameters, and I'm guessing, explain things going forward but you can explain some of the outer planets are. 452 01:20:45.085 --> 01:20:54.954 So, the thing is observation on this crazy idea, a forces invisible force, carrying long distances to space. 453 01:20:56.545 --> 01:21:05.725 It was true because it match the observations. Okay so we fast forward to the twenty th, century. 454 01:21:08.845 --> 01:21:23.604 People may have these observations and about how certain things behaved and it may talk about the later and to explain the observations that they had to come up with them 455 01:21:24.119 --> 01:21:25.104 sort of stuff. 456 01:21:25.104 --> 01:21:32.274 Like I've been telling you about. And it, it doesn't make sense. How can something be in two states simultaneously? 457 01:21:33.960 --> 01:21:41.515 But it matches the observations. Einstein didn't like the sign sign called a spooky action at a distance. 458 01:21:42.805 --> 01:21:53.425 And then the first thing, you think you said, okay, two states, you say, well, maybe it's really one of those two states, but we don't know which one that's the obvious idea that there's a hidden variable we can observe. 459 01:21:56.935 --> 01:22:00.114 So, it's not really a superposition of two different states, but. 460 01:22:02.460 --> 01:22:15.055 But, you know, there's this hidden, it's really in one of the States, and that's kind of a hidden variable hypothesis that has been disproven. 461 01:22:15.444 --> 01:22:17.755 There is no hidden value about that. 462 01:22:19.435 --> 01:22:34.164 That that Cupid is in that we reveal, like, millions and simultaneously the Super possession of two states and if it's a five Cupid system, it really is. 463 01:22:34.164 --> 01:22:46.944 And simply to simultaneously this position of thirty two different states. No, here, I created the multi Cupid thing. Is that still your product of a couple of separate cubes? I'll get beyond that next time. 464 01:22:47.635 --> 01:23:01.704 And but this is the power of the thing, because when we apply the operator for the pipe cubic system, it's a thirty two by thirty two matrix. It's modifying two states in parallel. 465 01:23:02.305 --> 01:23:08.274 And this is where the power of the thing is that it can produce an exponential speed up. 466 01:23:09.090 --> 01:23:12.414 And this is where quantum computing this is, which promises. 467 01:23:13.675 --> 01:23:14.095 Now, 468 01:23:15.925 --> 01:23:18.085 the problem is actually doing it, 469 01:23:18.689 --> 01:23:20.484 and that's the theory petitions, 470 01:23:20.484 --> 01:23:22.614 I figure about algorithms because the algorithms, 471 01:23:22.614 --> 01:23:23.755 even for something really simple, 472 01:23:23.755 --> 01:23:29.755 like factoring the number because then you can do fast theoretically, 473 01:23:29.755 --> 01:23:33.774 is factor a large number of echoes that will crack a lot of public key crypto systems. 474 01:23:34.284 --> 01:23:44.305 The genius with the packing algorithms are very complicated. It's called choice algorithm and I think the largest number they can pack to sell is twenty one. 475 01:23:47.814 --> 01:23:56.425 Key of a public key character system is a thousand digit number. Okay. We can factor number the percentage. It's not too big. Good a way to go but. 476 01:23:58.074 --> 01:24:01.015 This promise so that's the. 477 01:24:03.204 --> 01:24:10.645 So that's the basis of the thing we can perhaps of a taste. What's what's going on. 478 01:24:11.694 --> 01:24:11.875 So, 479 01:24:11.875 --> 01:24:16.375 what I'll do is a lot of what I'm telling you, 480 01:24:17.125 --> 01:24:20.635 I'll put up on the on the blog, 481 01:24:21.720 --> 01:24:34.074 and also we'll scan in those pages redundancy and I'll give the to you our house and I'll expect you to watch the videos watch the videos for Thursday. 482 01:24:34.975 --> 01:24:35.664 And. 483 01:24:37.675 --> 01:24:51.114 Also, you know, you're free to buy the books and start looking at them. There's also piles and piles and piles of information on the web. The, what I'm showing you is I selected from a large amount of stuff. 484 01:24:51.534 --> 01:25:02.425 I think that's one of my rooms actually is to is to be a curator. I look at all the different things. There's a lot of text books on the web. I looked through a lot of different textbooks. 485 01:25:03.329 --> 01:25:14.814 So, I, I picked the runs that looked at least to my biased view point the best ones for this course. So, now, what does this Congress is Chuck? 486 01:25:16.529 --> 01:25:30.295 Programming this is not going to talk really about the physics of it. And that's important is no physics. You can't build them and this all becomes just an academic exercise is academic in an insulting sense, I guess. 487 01:25:30.835 --> 01:25:41.125 But that's important that I'll be concentrating on the programming part of it and the theory talk about for a few minutes about him. 488 01:25:42.715 --> 01:25:56.904 Because I may leave it to you, you have to give them presentations, but people talk about the physics for that and a number of people looking at different types of quantum computing people, the physics department, and that sort of thing. 489 01:25:57.354 --> 01:26:11.395 The other thing is that the history of this just and a couple of sentences, the theme was worked out. Initially we are tied to the nineteen eighty so thirty five years ago. Excuse me, talking too much today. 490 01:26:13.284 --> 01:26:22.074 They started working up the theory about thirty five years ago before they could build it. Saturday said syncing with classical computers of the theory. 491 01:26:25.140 --> 01:26:32.664 Carrying machine talk a little about that university machine sound was worked out in theory before they're really building computers. 492 01:26:33.354 --> 01:26:48.204 So, then they did the theory would say if we could actually build this, it would be cool and then the business has started to figure out different models. So, I said IBM uses one model there's other competing models and so on. That's where it fits. 493 01:26:48.204 --> 01:27:01.104 And the text some of the best textbooks are actually ten or twenty years old. So, this is how old the idea actually is they didn't have practical machines back then. But they were working on the, I guess in this Harry and so on. 494 01:27:02.064 --> 01:27:14.904 Okay so that's enough new stuff for today. Just to remind you. I looked at the syllabus show you the blog, our email that I showed you can get my homepage by Googling me. 495 01:27:14.904 --> 01:27:29.064 I'll just email everyone in class and this was the start a quick way to distribute information and we make emailing and maybe the best way unless people post questions on 496 01:27:29.845 --> 01:27:30.204 that one. 497 01:27:30.744 --> 01:27:31.194 Okay. 498 01:27:32.789 --> 01:27:46.885 So, let's talking by me if anyone has any questions, you know, sign off and go have dinner or hang around, I have the chat window up and also you can unmute your mikes and. 499 01:27:48.239 --> 01:27:52.015 Talk to me, if you'd like over to, you. 500 01:28:14.154 --> 01:28:14.845 Thank you. 501 01:28:39.835 --> 01:28:41.244 No questions.