WEBVTT 1 00:00:08.724 --> 00:00:27.864 Okay. 2 00:00:34.140 --> 00:00:38.579 Right. 3 00:00:39.869 --> 00:00:44.939 S. 4 00:00:50.729 --> 00:00:54.450 Hello. 5 00:01:33.480 --> 00:01:47.099 Hello. 6 00:01:55.739 --> 00:02:05.159 Let's see. 7 00:02:09.300 --> 00:02:21.539 So, but. 8 00:02:25.289 --> 00:02:40.110 Yeah. 9 00:02:42.925 --> 00:02:56.395 Okay. 10 00:03:05.159 --> 00:03:08.280 Okay. 11 00:03:15.539 --> 00:03:19.800 Hello oh, okay. 12 00:03:21.599 --> 00:03:28.289 So, I got the iPad to work. I threatened to switch back to the pad. 13 00:03:28.289 --> 00:03:31.919 Yeah, I got started working. Okay. 14 00:03:31.919 --> 00:03:35.550 So, parallel computing. 15 00:03:35.550 --> 00:03:42.870 20, we're doing quantum computing now. It's a quick summary. I have a quick summary of it. Um. 16 00:03:42.870 --> 00:03:46.199 And now where, um. 17 00:03:46.199 --> 00:03:50.310 What I'll do a lot of today show videos that I've selected. 18 00:03:50.310 --> 00:03:56.849 So, I think my value added for you is finding videos that I think are worth your while looking at. 19 00:03:57.294 --> 00:04:08.664 Um, it's better that you see the videos directly than that. I reword you know, try to put it in my own words, which adds noise to the process. 20 00:04:09.414 --> 00:04:15.715 Um, now where what I'm presenting quantum computing at at a level above the physics. So. 21 00:04:15.990 --> 00:04:19.230 At the bottom level of physicists have been. 22 00:04:19.230 --> 00:04:23.490 Trying to work out quantum computers for a few decades. Now actually. 23 00:04:23.490 --> 00:04:30.178 And a lot of courses in our, the teach quantum physics, a lot like the courses at in the in the physics department. 24 00:04:30.178 --> 00:04:35.968 I what I'm trying to do is set the abstract level higher than the physics. 25 00:04:35.968 --> 00:04:40.499 I'm assuming that the physicists will give us working quantum computers soon. 26 00:04:40.499 --> 00:04:51.149 And I try to answer the question of what will we do with them. So you want to understand the physics somewhat but then I'm more interested in how you program them that sort of thing. 27 00:04:51.149 --> 00:04:59.009 Because the next level above the programming is the whatever quantum computing as a service get various tools. 28 00:04:59.009 --> 00:05:03.988 Using them fast for your transforms and so on. So, what I'm going to do is. 29 00:05:03.988 --> 00:05:07.918 Show you some videos assuming that they work. 30 00:05:07.918 --> 00:05:20.098 Um, and I've listed some here and some of the people are leaders develop some of the stuff also. So big 1 is quantum computing for computer scientists. Um. 31 00:05:20.098 --> 00:05:24.689 I'll show a few other things, bits and pieces, assuming that. 32 00:05:24.689 --> 00:05:29.249 Works so. 33 00:05:32.999 --> 00:05:36.538 See, this work actually. 34 00:05:44.038 --> 00:05:47.399 This is always a question of getting the sound working. 35 00:05:54.028 --> 00:05:57.869 Shh. 36 00:06:03.389 --> 00:06:06.629 I'll restart it once we get the sound of. 37 00:06:13.918 --> 00:06:17.278 Okay. 38 00:06:21.059 --> 00:06:30.329 Okay. 39 00:06:34.559 --> 00:06:38.848 Sure. 40 00:06:51.418 --> 00:06:58.199 Okay. 41 00:07:08.848 --> 00:07:12.088 All right. 42 00:07:15.778 --> 00:07:26.999 Okay. 43 00:07:40.319 --> 00:07:47.519 It looks like. 44 00:07:48.928 --> 00:07:52.858 Send me. 45 00:08:08.879 --> 00:08:13.918 Yeah. 46 00:08:20.783 --> 00:08:34.823 Okay. 47 00:09:03.418 --> 00:09:13.889 But. 48 00:09:18.989 --> 00:09:30.298 Let's say my work off of here. 49 00:09:34.644 --> 00:09:54.413 Okay. 50 00:10:07.168 --> 00:10:10.288 Yeah. 51 00:10:17.394 --> 00:10:49.403 Okay. 52 00:11:01.379 --> 00:11:14.519 Okay. 53 00:11:18.989 --> 00:11:22.408 To browse it back and talk to the. 54 00:11:25.469 --> 00:11:33.448 Every keep a steady partner in your pocket with the forecast. 55 00:11:35.489 --> 00:11:41.639 Flashcards solution. 56 00:11:41.639 --> 00:11:46.469 And so the back of the room, you have to tell me if the volume is reasonable. 57 00:11:48.653 --> 00:12:08.153 Okay. 58 00:12:13.438 --> 00:12:17.999 Stealing money from the bank transaction to catch spots, but. 59 00:12:17.999 --> 00:12:23.908 What it is fundamentally, and what it possibly can tell us about the nature of the reality. 60 00:12:26.308 --> 00:12:33.538 That's really what I'm interested in. Um, I came to this from physics, you know, combination. 61 00:12:33.538 --> 00:12:37.828 So. 62 00:12:37.828 --> 00:12:42.119 And it really affects me too. 63 00:12:42.119 --> 00:12:48.298 Well, a lot of physics. 64 00:12:48.298 --> 00:12:53.879 It's been a mystery to most of those and businesses for decades. 65 00:12:53.879 --> 00:13:02.038 Well, I think Eugene vehicle the unreasonable effectiveness of mathematics in the natural sciences. 66 00:13:02.038 --> 00:13:05.578 Especially when we realize. 67 00:13:05.578 --> 00:13:14.879 The set of computable functions, which are familiar to us that we've made things like additional applications. So, from a repetitions point of view. 68 00:13:14.879 --> 00:13:21.479 They formed testimony tiny subset of the possible. 69 00:13:21.479 --> 00:13:24.719 Physics is entirely. 70 00:13:24.719 --> 00:13:30.538 And if it works, we wouldn't need to be able to know any basics. 71 00:13:30.538 --> 00:13:33.869 So, um. 72 00:13:33.869 --> 00:13:37.229 It became more of the updates. 73 00:13:37.229 --> 00:13:42.629 Okay, can you hear me. 74 00:13:42.629 --> 00:13:47.698 People immediately comes to the conclusion of the reasons. 75 00:13:47.698 --> 00:13:51.298 It's useful in the sizes is there is a computer. 76 00:13:51.298 --> 00:13:58.438 And we are just programs running in the computer, something like that or maybe just a simulation in a computer. 77 00:13:58.438 --> 00:14:11.339 Now, it seems to me that that misses the whole point of the lesson of the universality of computation for physics, because it requires a notion. 78 00:14:11.339 --> 00:14:15.269 What is always in the computer that is out the physical work. 79 00:14:15.269 --> 00:14:25.139 It would set my goal to be set and that's why our universe instantiate that set up. 80 00:14:25.139 --> 00:14:35.489 Well, then you may solve the problem, you guys will have said, the call set up just our universe, the middle. 81 00:14:35.489 --> 00:14:39.778 So, I think the the real important lesson. 82 00:14:39.778 --> 00:14:45.568 The universality of computation as reveal platform to the computers. 83 00:14:45.568 --> 00:14:50.308 To be part of physics is that computers can be built. 84 00:14:50.308 --> 00:14:53.639 Universal computers can be built within. 85 00:14:53.639 --> 00:15:00.058 Is really the amazing thing, because however, the universe was, you could imagine sometimes, you. 86 00:15:00.058 --> 00:15:04.678 Super confusion with unknown magnetics. Let's see it. 87 00:15:04.678 --> 00:15:09.178 But the thing about, since that you can make an. 88 00:15:09.178 --> 00:15:16.889 Such a community can stimulate any physical process. That's what we need. And. 89 00:15:16.889 --> 00:15:25.499 This will get the sense of all its possible motions. That is possible programs that would be pregnant. 90 00:15:25.499 --> 00:15:33.509 Is it 11 correspondence with the 2nd goal possible motions of anything? And that is a. 91 00:15:33.509 --> 00:15:38.009 Uh, that is telling us something about the universe. 92 00:15:38.009 --> 00:15:41.698 It's telling us something about what laws of nature actually are. 93 00:15:41.698 --> 00:15:46.499 Okay, uh, now how does the quantum part. 94 00:15:46.499 --> 00:15:56.458 When we theory of computation was 1st, discovered by by package, and then developed by on tuning during the. 95 00:15:56.458 --> 00:16:04.708 It wasn't realizing this was a branch of physics at all. It was invented. It's a branch of mathematics to study mathematical proofs. 96 00:16:04.708 --> 00:16:08.609 And the, um. 97 00:16:08.609 --> 00:16:11.698 Here you can still talk. 98 00:16:11.698 --> 00:16:16.198 From a conjecture that a certain type of. 99 00:16:16.198 --> 00:16:22.288 Abstract object touring machine, uh, could represent all things that could be. 100 00:16:22.288 --> 00:16:27.928 Well, the computers and then. 101 00:16:27.928 --> 00:16:35.578 Historically, what happens after that is that people began to worry that the physical world might not be able to instantiate. 102 00:16:35.578 --> 00:16:45.269 These these operations, and that was the, the real world might be a weaker kind of computer the material. 103 00:16:45.269 --> 00:16:52.769 Might be an idealization, and when we study this more cavities and this is where computers. 104 00:16:52.769 --> 00:17:01.019 We found that not only can you to exist physically, but it's more power to. 105 00:17:01.019 --> 00:17:08.848 And what enough limitations we're doing unconsciously is that they, when they invented these abstract objects, they will. 106 00:17:08.848 --> 00:17:14.519 Applying that intuition about physical they didn't know that. That's what they were doing. 107 00:17:14.519 --> 00:17:19.648 And because they were applying their intuition about physical objects they got in Rome. 108 00:17:19.648 --> 00:17:29.548 They thought about computing, like making marks of squares and paper, and then has finding remarks they thought they understood paid. 109 00:17:29.548 --> 00:17:34.528 In fact, paper like everything else today it's mostly comics and the real competition. 110 00:17:34.528 --> 00:17:47.548 It's reputation theory of communication is the theory of quantum reputation and that is the theory of physics. So that means that the theory of computation is irretrievable within physics. 111 00:17:47.548 --> 00:17:51.959 Because of the invitation now, what is. 112 00:17:51.959 --> 00:18:02.128 Briefly the quantum theory of computation, how does that work? How is computation and quantum theory? Quantum mechanics, integrated into a cloud theory compensation. 113 00:18:02.128 --> 00:18:06.659 Hey, hey, theory of computation within any. 114 00:18:06.659 --> 00:18:10.858 Is the theory of how you can use physical objects. 115 00:18:10.858 --> 00:18:17.338 To represent abstract so you want to, uh, represent the images. 116 00:18:17.338 --> 00:18:27.179 123, and you can use physical objects like failures. So that will be more or less cool to that country. And so, and computers are ways of. 117 00:18:27.179 --> 00:18:34.888 Um, instantiating, abstract objects and their relationships in physical objects and their motion. 118 00:18:34.888 --> 00:18:45.118 So, what happens with computers is that we simply take the deepest physical theory. We have quantum theory, and we say what kind of. 119 00:18:45.118 --> 00:18:49.703 Information processing does quantum theory in general and what does it mean? 120 00:18:50.243 --> 00:18:53.182 And that's the theory when you do that, 121 00:18:53.213 --> 00:19:08.003 what do you find compared with a classical computer when you make this computer you find the find a number of similarities and we find the reasons why the tiering theory works as 122 00:19:08.003 --> 00:19:08.784 well as it did. 123 00:19:09.054 --> 00:19:22.703 And then you find a member dramatic differences between classifications, um, the 1 that's got the most attention, is that for certain types of calculation. 124 00:19:23.398 --> 00:19:27.118 1 of the computer can perform and exponentially faster. 125 00:19:27.118 --> 00:19:30.898 Than any class, so you could have, uh. 126 00:19:30.898 --> 00:19:32.874 People who built into it yet, 127 00:19:32.903 --> 00:19:35.483 but we haven't seen will and when, 128 00:19:35.513 --> 00:19:35.753 uh, 129 00:19:35.784 --> 00:19:38.453 when it comes to the future is build a small portion of the future with, 130 00:19:38.814 --> 00:19:46.344 with a few 1000 that's the quantum bits compared to the billions of goods in our normal desktop. 131 00:19:46.374 --> 00:19:46.824 Yes. 132 00:19:47.183 --> 00:20:02.064 Or even or even, in other words, a very, very weak, comparatively weak onto the computer could perform more computations simultaneously and it could be performed by the entire physical universe. 133 00:20:02.064 --> 00:20:03.324 If it was all native. 134 00:20:04.288 --> 00:20:07.888 When I say more, that's an understatement exponentially. 135 00:20:07.888 --> 00:20:11.128 It only for certain types of. 136 00:20:11.128 --> 00:20:17.249 Competition and that's a token of the fact the whole notion of computation is different. 137 00:20:17.249 --> 00:20:24.209 It's not that, like, we do classical computers. You can say that 1 computer is 10 times as fast as the other. 138 00:20:24.209 --> 00:20:32.489 Quantum computers, they are vastly faster than classical computers for some applications and the same for others. 139 00:20:32.489 --> 00:20:35.999 And and interestingly, they're not slower. 140 00:20:35.999 --> 00:20:44.068 Any issues, because again, user among disabilities is to simulate the customer. 141 00:20:45.088 --> 00:20:49.528 And he sort of employees, or we have these 15 dollars an hour, but 15. 142 00:20:49.528 --> 00:20:59.788 Okay, it's all very confusing. That's okay. On computing. So some of it might get less confusing. Um, tell you into the real world now. 143 00:21:01.048 --> 00:21:04.618 For our hardware thing for a few minutes, maybe. 144 00:21:05.999 --> 00:21:09.209 Hello. 145 00:21:10.618 --> 00:21:16.169 There are many possible. Oops. 146 00:21:17.729 --> 00:21:29.574 I know I'll start it again. Uh, to show you what it takes to build a quantum computer, using the speed of single electrons, inside a solid States, and we come back with. 147 00:21:30.054 --> 00:21:35.963 This is a pathway that is being pursued very actively, partly because it may allow us to build. 148 00:21:42.263 --> 00:21:51.683 There are many possible ways to build the hardware 4 o'clock and computer, because there are many physical system that can be used and but to keep a complete example. 149 00:21:51.959 --> 00:22:01.078 I'm going to show you what it takes to build the quantum computers that are using the speed of single electrons inside a solid states that we come back with. 150 00:22:01.078 --> 00:22:09.328 This is a pathway that is being pursued very actively, partly because it may allow us to build 1 of the things that is using the same. 151 00:22:09.328 --> 00:22:17.634 Publication methods, useful, classical computer chips, but the way we want to keep it operate it will be very 1st of all. 152 00:22:17.663 --> 00:22:30.564 We need to combine individual electrons within a chip is actually not that are the latest silicone chips in your computer and mobile phone and transistors. There. Are only 14 nanometers why? That's a possibility. 153 00:22:32.308 --> 00:22:36.778 And with some minor modifications, so you can use the same technologies. 154 00:22:36.778 --> 00:22:43.828 To build the electronic devices where all the electrodes are squeezed out, except for what which then becomes. 155 00:22:43.828 --> 00:22:47.818 1 of the information is included in the speed of the electron. 156 00:22:47.818 --> 00:22:59.249 To be able to distinguish between the 0 and 1 state of the Spain. We need to make sure that the energy difference between them is larger than the thermal energy of the environment. 157 00:22:59.249 --> 00:23:11.544 The energy difference between the up and down speed stays is proportional to the magnetic field applied to the speed with the magnetic field to 1, Tesla, which is 20,000 times stronger than yours magnetic field. 158 00:23:11.574 --> 00:23:21.114 The energy difference is about 1 degree care of it. So we need to produce very large magnetic field and very low temperatures, close to absolute 0 for this to work. 159 00:23:21.689 --> 00:23:25.378 Then we need to perform 1 to logical operation. 160 00:23:25.378 --> 00:23:30.598 If these electrons being populate for a single cubic operations, we use magnetic restaurants. 161 00:23:30.598 --> 00:23:37.169 Say that would use the memorized because of the very high many fields you need to use the frequency. 162 00:23:37.169 --> 00:23:41.608 From electromagnetic excitation is also very high tens of gigahertz. 163 00:23:41.608 --> 00:23:44.729 Which is the range typically used by radars for that? 164 00:23:44.729 --> 00:23:49.858 For 2 cubic operations, we need to control the interaction between nearby electric. 165 00:23:49.858 --> 00:23:57.269 There are many ways to do this, including a member, which consists of making 4 days of the electron overlap. 166 00:23:57.269 --> 00:24:01.288 In a singular way is what happens in chemical bonds with the molecules. 167 00:24:01.288 --> 00:24:05.729 So, in a sense, we are creating artificial molecules. We need a chain. 168 00:24:05.993 --> 00:24:10.794 With the bonds controlled by the voltage entirely electrodes fabricated on cheap. 169 00:24:10.884 --> 00:24:21.114 So overall the hardware to build and operate a quantum computer consists of a special Silicon shape with very small transistors and all just 1 electron each. 170 00:24:21.419 --> 00:24:26.189 A machine that produces large magnetic fields and extremely low temperatures. 171 00:24:26.189 --> 00:24:35.729 High frequency electronics to implement magnetic resonance control of the state of the space in time the electrodes to control the interaction between neighboring space. 172 00:24:35.729 --> 00:24:41.124 This is not science fiction all these things exist. We know how to build them how to develop them. 173 00:24:41.153 --> 00:24:51.594 We are now at the stage where we can scale up to computer chips and soon enough, reach the point where the exponential power of what we can do this can be used for mobile applications. 174 00:24:54.088 --> 00:24:57.298 So that was 1 of several types of hardware. 175 00:24:57.298 --> 00:25:00.838 So, couple of years old, also, if you. 176 00:25:01.949 --> 00:25:05.098 Give you an idea now to get. 177 00:25:05.098 --> 00:25:09.598 Let me get you something that's completely current. Now. 178 00:25:09.598 --> 00:25:14.009 And this will be tying in so. 179 00:25:16.288 --> 00:25:27.778 You want to be a software engineer right now we're getting bigger question read the statement, which would be the installation of the local. 180 00:25:27.778 --> 00:25:31.048 Oops, wrong button. 181 00:25:37.558 --> 00:25:42.148 Okay. 182 00:25:45.568 --> 00:25:53.159 Well, we'll come to another video explaining, he knows dot com. 183 00:25:53.159 --> 00:25:59.308 This is my 5th annual update on developments important. 184 00:25:59.308 --> 00:26:11.159 It's usual, this will not be a technical presentation, but rather than overview of what some major client is next videos, the tactical 1 in the past. 185 00:26:11.159 --> 00:26:17.128 And to start things off, I thought we had a 92nd summary of what completed. 186 00:26:17.128 --> 00:26:21.568 Wow. 187 00:26:23.368 --> 00:26:33.209 Conventional or classical computers are built from billions of transistors that return on or off to represented value. These are 1 or 0. 188 00:26:33.209 --> 00:26:40.798 Classical computers to store and process data, using binary digits for. 189 00:26:40.798 --> 00:26:47.638 In contrast, quantum computers process, information, using posing bits of humans. 190 00:26:47.638 --> 00:26:58.229 It can be created in many different ways, for example, using Cuba, conducting electronic circuits and shopping online atoms or by squeezing by. 191 00:26:59.669 --> 00:27:07.528 Unlike in existing all in 1 state or superposition. Exactly. The same point in time. 192 00:27:07.528 --> 00:27:14.939 This allows to assume a value of 1.0 or both of these numbers. So. 193 00:27:14.939 --> 00:27:22.499 In turn is enabled quantum computer to process a high number of data possibilities, and a classical computer. 194 00:27:23.909 --> 00:27:27.088 There's a cube, it will also be found and 10. 195 00:27:27.088 --> 00:27:35.519 This means that the state of 1 Cupid is tied to the state of another, which can be used to speed of quantum computing calculations. 196 00:27:35.874 --> 00:27:50.784 Indeed by leveraging the precision and entanglement quantum computers are expected to be able to accomplish tasks such as complex logistics, optimizations and quantum but that isn't modeling. That's really possible to perform using virtual computers. 197 00:27:54.778 --> 00:28:03.479 An increasing number of organizations are working at the bottom hardware or software from here. 198 00:28:03.479 --> 00:28:09.959 Mergers and acquisitions also starting to occur, which is a peer side, but eventually industry. 199 00:28:09.959 --> 00:28:18.269 For example, in June 2021, Honeywell optimum solutions and that statistic combined with Cambridge, quantum computing. 200 00:28:18.269 --> 00:28:29.818 Given that in 2020, Honeywell claimed to have the world's highest performing quantum computer. This could be a significant move. The being a problem finding to watch. 201 00:28:31.348 --> 00:28:39.898 In fact, the phone will companies as well as a great many university departments and now working on quantum computing is a very positive development. 202 00:28:39.898 --> 00:28:45.959 However, it does mean as I cannot put the all the recent innovations in this video. 203 00:28:45.959 --> 00:28:53.098 And so I'm now going to focus on those developments. Is it really 5 my imagination in the last 12 months. 204 00:28:55.558 --> 00:29:04.469 If you want to stay close to the quantum computing edge, it's always worth keeping an eye on the ID and. 205 00:29:04.469 --> 00:29:15.898 Totally now provide a cloud access, quantum computers as well as often ticketing system on hardware to selecting clients who want that on site computer. 206 00:29:16.854 --> 00:29:29.034 In September 2020, IBM also published a road map that indicates how to expect to scale up from its current 2765 monitoring processes. The model was over 100,000 QPS by mid decade and towards a 1Million by 20, 30. 207 00:29:34.499 --> 00:29:41.969 In February, 2021, IBM additionally published a roadmap, the building an open quantum computing ecosystem. 208 00:29:41.969 --> 00:29:45.868 Yeah, he's supposed to work with the open source community. 209 00:29:45.868 --> 00:29:50.669 As well, so the plan is including the aforementioned Cambridge quantum computing. 210 00:29:50.669 --> 00:29:55.409 In order to make 1 callback, easily accessible contribution programs. 211 00:29:55.409 --> 00:30:04.078 Explained looking to 2025 and beyond, we think with all 3, we should, as part of computing will become a reality. 212 00:30:04.078 --> 00:30:08.128 By the hardware when we were of concern to users. 213 00:30:08.128 --> 00:30:15.538 Developed by, then we envision the developers we will not or hardware with a cloud based API. 214 00:30:15.538 --> 00:30:21.269 We need to quantum computation is a natural component. We have existing computation pipeline. 215 00:30:21.269 --> 00:30:32.219 We know that on 2030 companies, users are running. Billions is about a 1Trillion circuits a day perhaps, without even realizing that they're doing. So. 216 00:30:34.318 --> 00:30:42.239 In May 2021, IBM demonstrated how it's keeping to expose the roadmaps by releasing its new software. 217 00:30:42.239 --> 00:30:55.138 Is IBM quantum software development platform and the new run time variant executing the IBM cloud while the non used machine and in close proximity to the bottom of hardware. 218 00:30:55.138 --> 00:31:05.519 This speeds up communication between the classical computers that the phrase and Internet circuits, important algorithms, and the quantum computers that execute. 219 00:31:06.808 --> 00:31:13.888 Some coaching programs with thousands or millions of interactions between bottom and. 220 00:31:13.888 --> 00:31:25.078 Reducing classical to quantum system latency by the end of subsequently demonstrated how quantum could speed up workload by 120 times. 221 00:31:25.078 --> 00:31:33.028 Specific processes, mostly the lithium hydride molecule has been reduced to 45 days to know. 222 00:31:38.939 --> 00:31:48.419 At the time of making this video by the end is most powerful. Quantum computer is the 65 cube superconducting the processor called amenable. 223 00:31:48.419 --> 00:32:01.199 However, in June 2021, the team from the University of science and technology, China revealed, but they built a 66 tube to the conducting quantum processor. 224 00:32:01.199 --> 00:32:15.659 The team also reported that sampling simulation benchmarks executed on around 2 to 3 times faster. When similar simulations run on Google secondary onto the processor in October 2019. 225 00:32:16.314 --> 00:32:20.153 This is fairly significant because when Google were posted on his work, 226 00:32:20.304 --> 00:32:22.884 he claimed to achieve bottom supremacy, 227 00:32:23.124 --> 00:32:23.513 or, 228 00:32:23.574 --> 00:32:24.354 in other words, 229 00:32:24.534 --> 00:32:27.203 to executed a task on a quantum computer, 230 00:32:27.263 --> 00:32:32.304 but could not physically be wrong in a reasonable amount of time on the classical computer. 231 00:32:33.929 --> 00:32:38.638 Privacy, your claim was rapidly dismissed by IBM. 232 00:32:38.638 --> 00:32:48.628 No, please, because sometimes do privacy was initially defined to refer to a situation where a quantum computer. There's something that cannot be done on possible computer. 233 00:32:49.013 --> 00:33:02.364 In this context, it's worth noting that the sampling benchmarks executed chosen completed at 1.2 hours compared with estimating 8 years. We've got the world's most powerful, classical, super computer. 234 00:33:05.398 --> 00:33:15.028 The reporting of achievement, the team behind in Chelsea concluded that our work establishes and it was total computational advantage. 235 00:33:15.028 --> 00:33:28.949 The team's choice of the term voting computation advantage was clearly also chosen Ken, who was out doubt, but they will continue to rage concerning whether anybody this year to achieve on some supremacy. 236 00:33:28.949 --> 00:33:43.469 However, what cannot be disputed is that around the globe, we now have the searches creating and operating quantum computers that can do things that are increasingly difficult to replicate using conventional hardware. 237 00:33:43.469 --> 00:33:51.298 So the point with this, um, task, or they said they demonstrated quantum supremacy. 238 00:33:51.298 --> 00:33:54.479 They constructed a very artificial problem. 239 00:33:54.479 --> 00:33:58.949 That would prove what they want it to prove. However. 240 00:33:58.949 --> 00:34:04.378 The way these things work is that you 1st, make this work in an artificial problem and then you brought out. 241 00:34:04.378 --> 00:34:08.188 So, that, I guess is a summary of the 2 sides. 242 00:34:08.188 --> 00:34:13.619 In this argument about what they're doing something faster on the quantum computer, then on the classical computer. 243 00:34:18.539 --> 00:34:30.778 The quoting process was created by IBM, Google, and the University of science and technology in China will based on superconducting cube. It does have to be super cool for almost absolute. 244 00:34:30.778 --> 00:34:44.668 This major constraints on the future development found in the past 12 months, significant progress has been made with alternative quantum computing technologies. And in particular those that gives the humans. 245 00:34:44.668 --> 00:34:54.809 For example, in September 2020, it Canadian companies, energy, most of quantum computing service, based on its tonic processes. 246 00:34:54.809 --> 00:35:02.248 Please operate from the temperature and our manufacturing from Silicon, just my last 2 month processes. 247 00:35:03.659 --> 00:35:10.768 Within intelligence, functional chips QPS are created by squeezing laser light using with resumes. 248 00:35:10.768 --> 00:35:21.449 Great superposition to different numbers of protons, which enter a sequence of externally programmable, Golden Gate code parameter within which they can. 249 00:35:21.449 --> 00:35:35.039 Currently special transition age, sensors, counting photons entity, data parameter, which allows a quote from state representing the political party with them to be converted to a stream data. 250 00:35:36.838 --> 00:35:47.309 In May 2021, so I'm going to raise an additional 100Million dollars of funding and in July it was also a water, the dark ground to further progressive. 251 00:35:47.309 --> 00:36:00.748 Additionally developed, uh, we can ignite the machine learning as well as, you know, the strawberry fields, simulating and executing programs on hardware. 252 00:36:02.728 --> 00:36:08.248 For the pilot is working on totally quantum computers include the song. 253 00:36:09.983 --> 00:36:22.193 Shall we go to build maybe computers and in May 2021 and now it has developed the capability, the manufacturer Silicon tonic chips that will form the foundation of this future system. 254 00:36:24.539 --> 00:36:31.498 July 2021, so I also completed a 450Million dollar funding of that. 255 00:36:31.498 --> 00:36:38.969 So, it seems an interest is writing rapidly. The development of quantum computers, the process data using blocked. 256 00:36:45.539 --> 00:36:53.789 Over the past 12 months quantum computing has continued to advance and over the past 5 years, we've seen. 257 00:36:53.789 --> 00:37:01.139 Very significant progress we suggested by the end of the 2020. S, lots of computing will be a promotion reality. 258 00:37:01.139 --> 00:37:07.318 Now, this is not a suggest quantum computers will replace traditional computers. 259 00:37:07.318 --> 00:37:20.309 Used in conjunction with classical hardware, quantum processors we use for great particular types of activity things like that kind of modeling logistics, optimizations and certain forms of art. 260 00:37:21.869 --> 00:37:30.659 Now, 1 of the things that's really pushing the quantum computing forward is the availability of quantum hardware that can be access the Internet. 261 00:37:30.659 --> 00:37:44.784 Crap f***, April, 2016, quantum computing as a service a mess it's called did not exist, but in May 2016 IBM became the 1st company to make a quantum computer available over the web. 262 00:37:44.784 --> 00:37:49.614 And currently IBM provides online access to 20 different Watson systems. 263 00:37:52.768 --> 00:38:04.829 In addition many other partners that provide, including Baba Google, we're getting to Oxford circuits. 264 00:38:04.829 --> 00:38:08.998 The right systems cloud platform would leave. 265 00:38:08.998 --> 00:38:12.239 As well as Amazon, Microsoft. 266 00:38:14.070 --> 00:38:19.349 Microsoft is your Watson and premises grandkids built in the web service. 267 00:38:19.349 --> 00:38:25.110 Work by facilitating access to, on top of that provided Martin. 268 00:38:25.110 --> 00:38:32.789 Collaboration is indeed totally wide spread in the growing quantum computing community and marketplace. 269 00:38:32.789 --> 00:38:38.699 It's good to see, but the present knowledge, expertise and hardware. Oh, I can share. 270 00:38:39.869 --> 00:38:49.619 To start discussing this video, the video description, and I've also updated the conducting page over almost 20 computers. 271 00:38:49.619 --> 00:38:57.659 Oh, but now that's it for another video. If you see the button. 272 00:38:57.659 --> 00:39:02.489 Can you please try and I hope to talk to him again. 273 00:39:02.489 --> 00:39:08.519 Okay, those were the superficial videos. 274 00:39:09.869 --> 00:39:13.380 People that Thank you want something a little deeper. 275 00:39:20.969 --> 00:39:29.519 Up to date, or maybe this program covers the basics of communication in quantum computer, particularly designed for. 276 00:39:34.590 --> 00:39:39.539 Welcome to club happy valentine's day. 277 00:39:39.539 --> 00:39:44.039 We learned about this most romantic of all subjects. Beauty. 278 00:39:44.039 --> 00:39:54.750 This is a talk aimed at computer scientist we will not go over very much a physics during this talk over, like, the double set experiment or uncertainty principle. We're not going to do that. 279 00:39:54.750 --> 00:39:57.960 This is we're going to go with a conversational model. 280 00:39:57.960 --> 00:40:02.369 But you probably find it fairly intuitive. I think he's a stay in sheet. 281 00:40:02.369 --> 00:40:14.099 And we will running an algorithm on it and show that enough performance, classical competition model. And then we'll end with some demos running program in queue sharp language. 282 00:40:14.099 --> 00:40:23.039 This is the gate quantum competition model. It looks a lot like the classical foundation model where you have, like, bits, and you send them through logic games and translations or by them. 283 00:40:23.039 --> 00:40:27.420 There's another competition model, all the. 284 00:40:27.420 --> 00:40:32.880 Anything model, which is used by the way heard of that that's something different. 285 00:40:32.880 --> 00:40:37.679 We'll be going over, but people think that they might be equivalent. The jury's still out on that. 286 00:40:37.679 --> 00:40:46.079 Anyway, I'm trying a lot of great time. Well, if you have any questions I ask, I'll be glad to stop the video and explain stuff. 287 00:40:46.079 --> 00:40:55.019 So you have your reasons for being here, but here are 3 reasons I'll come up with you need some additional convincing why you should very bottom of beauty. 288 00:40:55.019 --> 00:40:59.789 The 1st is quantum supremacy is expected this year. This is very year. 289 00:40:59.789 --> 00:41:06.719 Supremacy means we have a real problem running on a real quantum computer, which in real time. 290 00:41:06.719 --> 00:41:12.030 Bachelor the same problem on a button so Google has announced they, they'll do it this year. 291 00:41:12.030 --> 00:41:16.619 If I do, it's a really big thing. So it might be in your future who knows? 510 years. 292 00:41:16.619 --> 00:41:20.460 We can all be running some really tricky problems on. 293 00:41:20.460 --> 00:41:29.610 Phone computers, so we have a lots of large companies, Microsoft, Google, and IBM. They're all investing billions of dollars for developments. Uh. 294 00:41:29.610 --> 00:41:33.719 There are lots of really exciting applications. This is the 1 that I'm concerned about shore to offer them. 295 00:41:33.719 --> 00:41:39.420 When this guy came out of the world on fire people, like, wow, I don't you just connect with a real economic impact. 296 00:41:39.420 --> 00:41:45.119 Good factor and global financial system. Well. 297 00:41:45.119 --> 00:41:52.139 Here's what that program is likely to appreciate, which is we can search an order list and square in time. 298 00:41:52.139 --> 00:42:02.550 So you think, unless you have to check every element that's away, you can just get a nice feet up. Just squared queries on the phone computer's pretty pretty generally useful. 299 00:42:02.550 --> 00:42:08.670 And here's the 1, which I think is probably a probably, is the best probability of unity. Well, sorry. 300 00:42:08.670 --> 00:42:15.989 We should be might be able to have an exponential speed up simulating mechanical systems. 301 00:42:15.989 --> 00:42:22.380 So things like a drug design, you seem like like biological molecules and tracking. 302 00:42:22.380 --> 00:42:26.909 Things like that, it could like, massively speed up. A lot of our biological search. 303 00:42:26.909 --> 00:42:31.440 Talks about nitrogen fixation in front of the meeting. 304 00:42:31.440 --> 00:42:36.360 Microsoft sales pitch, but here's the 1 that actually motivated me in the bottom. 305 00:42:36.360 --> 00:42:41.039 It's I think from talking to complete fermentation, because often motivate to, you. 306 00:42:41.039 --> 00:42:47.579 It's, it's interesting. It's interesting because it's just kind of outside my intuition. Like, I think all of us. 307 00:42:47.579 --> 00:42:51.840 I just wanted to our careers can basically look at any digital or mechanical system and that, like. 308 00:42:51.840 --> 00:43:00.210 A ballpark idea of hours, right? But if you look at a quantum computer, like, how can it computer classical computing doesn't make any sense like, it's. 309 00:43:00.210 --> 00:43:05.280 There's no way I can even start to get them for so I really wanted to learn it. 310 00:43:05.280 --> 00:43:08.760 I think there's a reason for this, this is kind of getting the philosophical, but. 311 00:43:08.760 --> 00:43:13.590 Language written formal language that we develop in a very classic. 312 00:43:13.590 --> 00:43:17.190 It is simply not equipped to deal with the quantum world. 313 00:43:17.190 --> 00:43:21.269 And this is why the article you've read on 1 phenomena. 314 00:43:21.269 --> 00:43:26.190 It doesn't really ring true and then all the metaphors, they, they don't really make sense. 315 00:43:26.190 --> 00:43:33.480 Because we're trying to express it in this language. We're developing a, we need to learn new language, which is the language of mathematics. 316 00:43:33.480 --> 00:43:40.619 And that is the only thing, which will actually let us understand the accounts is to learn it automatically all metaphors and analogies will lead you astray. 317 00:43:40.619 --> 00:43:44.550 There's the famous book here by a business again. 318 00:43:44.550 --> 00:43:47.820 David bourbon, which is shopping company. 319 00:43:47.820 --> 00:43:53.820 Quantum mechanics, so some questions, maybe in the background like, how? But it is on me, China capital. 320 00:43:53.820 --> 00:43:56.909 The only thing you will not be demonstrate. 321 00:43:56.909 --> 00:44:02.130 Okay, Here's how this presentation will break down. 1st, we're going to learn. 322 00:44:02.130 --> 00:44:06.150 Represent a competition using Super basically. 323 00:44:06.150 --> 00:44:10.260 Interesting factor is matrix multiplication then we will. 324 00:44:10.260 --> 00:44:14.940 Generalize that about a few minutes. Stupid position. Quantum logic is. 325 00:44:14.940 --> 00:44:26.010 And finally, we will use all the tools we developed to go over the simplest problem where quantum computer called the Oracle problem. I mean, there are a bunch of problems with. 326 00:44:27.539 --> 00:44:36.690 And finally, it'd be almost negligent. So I'll let you get out of here without learning about quantum entanglement and teleportation just because with the tools will develop. They're like, so easy to understand. 327 00:44:36.690 --> 00:44:40.619 So, and then watching them. All right. 328 00:44:40.619 --> 00:44:44.159 Can't do it. You'll become very, very, uh. 329 00:44:44.159 --> 00:44:49.019 Familiar with these 2 vectors. This is how we represent the 0 in a while. 330 00:44:49.019 --> 00:44:52.349 2 values of 1 that's being bathrooms. 331 00:44:52.349 --> 00:44:57.570 So the top 1 is just 1 over 0 and 1 is just through overlap. 332 00:44:57.570 --> 00:45:04.380 Um, you can also read them in that weird like, angle bracket thing that's called direct vector and location. 333 00:45:04.380 --> 00:45:13.409 0, and they're like me, this is the value of that factor. If you have trouble, remembering this just think of it like an array index 0. 334 00:45:13.409 --> 00:45:17.219 And so there's a 1 in the 0, the next. 335 00:45:17.219 --> 00:45:24.780 It's a general, there's a 1 for connect with me. Okay. Everyone's fine with this. You'd be very familiar with it by the end of the. 336 00:45:24.780 --> 00:45:27.989 We're going to go over. 337 00:45:27.989 --> 00:45:32.010 Uh, major publications really quickly. 338 00:45:32.010 --> 00:45:35.429 So, okay. 339 00:45:35.429 --> 00:45:42.360 The way to think about matrix publication, just to produce. Are you most of you will have gone over this in your living off? Of course, it's like the 1st or 2nd day. 340 00:45:42.360 --> 00:45:48.090 So you have a matrix multiplied by vector you kind of like, take this horizontal row and then flip it. 341 00:45:48.090 --> 00:45:55.409 And multiply likewise with these, uh, effectively, so, 8 times X. Y, and that's where you get the top 1. 342 00:45:55.409 --> 00:45:59.460 Same with Barbara as well you get a feedback. 343 00:45:59.460 --> 00:46:06.389 Same thing after the 3 by 3 matrix 8 specs because why is that? 344 00:46:06.389 --> 00:46:13.469 And you got this matrix, you can also buy this factor. You can also apply matrix these together, but you won't really be doing much of that. 345 00:46:13.469 --> 00:46:17.849 And there's a very special matrix called the identity of matrix. 346 00:46:17.849 --> 00:46:21.239 Zeros everywhere. 347 00:46:21.239 --> 00:46:25.230 Except for 1 along the main diagnosis and anything. 348 00:46:25.230 --> 00:46:32.010 Multiplied by the identity matrix itself, which is my multiplied by 1. in fact, usually referred to that matrix by a simple file. 349 00:46:32.010 --> 00:46:38.699 Now, thankfully, for simplicity, a lot of the agencies will be using look a lot like this. There are multiple zeros, but just some ones. 350 00:46:38.699 --> 00:46:43.019 And you can notice there's nice rule of thumb that relative to the identity matrix. 351 00:46:43.019 --> 00:46:49.019 This Matrix has been able to go through it. Okay. And that's actually the actually it has. 352 00:46:49.019 --> 00:46:53.130 On anything involved so let's the middle. 353 00:46:53.130 --> 00:46:57.000 A nice rule of thumb to, uh. 354 00:46:57.000 --> 00:47:01.739 Here's the application. Does anyone have any trouble with this? Because you really need to know this. 355 00:47:01.739 --> 00:47:05.099 In order to go ahead. You got it. Okay. 356 00:47:05.099 --> 00:47:14.550 Great operations will actually like I'd like to make this quiz. Can anyone tell me what are the 4 operations on 1? Good. 357 00:47:14.550 --> 00:47:20.579 Wow. 358 00:47:20.579 --> 00:47:24.090 Around 2 minutes. Oh. 359 00:47:24.090 --> 00:47:29.250 Identity deserves something there we go. 360 00:47:29.250 --> 00:47:35.280 Good yes, so we have identity just, uh, Google Docs vacation. 361 00:47:35.280 --> 00:47:41.519 And vesicles not X. awesome. 0, it's always had to do with this 1. so you can see the diagram. 362 00:47:41.519 --> 00:47:46.949 Looks okay, and we can try piece is matrices. 363 00:47:46.949 --> 00:47:50.039 So these are the individuals. 364 00:47:50.039 --> 00:47:56.880 This remember is our simple 4000 getting multiply 1 this 1. 365 00:47:56.880 --> 00:48:00.480 Here's the you flip it from 0 to 1. 366 00:48:00.480 --> 00:48:05.039 Sure, same thing for. 367 00:48:05.039 --> 00:48:10.800 So, I can get you, we can represent very simple functions, at least with major c's. 368 00:48:10.800 --> 00:48:15.090 By our 0 vectors. Okay. 369 00:48:16.170 --> 00:48:20.489 And remember these 4 functions now quiz you later on, come back up. 370 00:48:21.960 --> 00:48:32.010 Personal computers and these sort of password to be able to read the positive side type of things. Colorado. It talks about personal computing. 371 00:48:32.010 --> 00:48:37.949 And basically, it means that if I tell you the operation I did, and the output of that operation. 372 00:48:37.949 --> 00:48:42.059 You can always tell the input of that operation is the operating. 373 00:48:43.469 --> 00:48:52.710 So intuitively operations that just shuffle bits around, like, from you them, they are visible to operators that, like a race this, and then override them for an offer. 374 00:48:52.710 --> 00:48:58.260 And in our previous slide, I guess the indication are both the principle. 375 00:48:58.260 --> 00:49:04.679 Did I say, yeah, what is what? And I put it through the indication gauge. That means what was here you can always tell that. 376 00:49:04.679 --> 00:49:08.639 But if I say the other was 1, and then went through the cost of 1 operation. 377 00:49:08.639 --> 00:49:12.119 You can't tell people it's not reverse interfacing. 378 00:49:12.119 --> 00:49:16.679 And the nice thing about quantum computing, which you can remember is that. 379 00:49:17.730 --> 00:49:26.400 Only universal operations no, the only ones we care about. So the only operation you should care about the side is really indication, like, also identity, but at the table. 380 00:49:28.260 --> 00:49:33.360 A further back from computers is they actually. 381 00:49:33.360 --> 00:49:41.250 Only use operations, which are their own databases? No, not only. Are they reversible? But if you buy them twice, we'll just get back to the same. 382 00:49:41.250 --> 00:49:44.969 And we're going to go a little this is kind of like an, in the pipeline. 383 00:49:46.320 --> 00:49:50.340 Um, there's something called the bottom line in land our limit. 384 00:49:50.340 --> 00:49:53.880 Which is the smallest amounts of energy. 385 00:49:53.880 --> 00:49:58.320 Businesses have calculated it's necessary for the simple as possible calculation. 386 00:49:58.320 --> 00:50:02.699 Which is not possible. Um, and. 387 00:50:02.699 --> 00:50:08.369 The personal computing might eventually let us go beyond that limit more efficient than that theoretical limit. 388 00:50:08.369 --> 00:50:12.989 Apparently processors or millions of dollars. He's really at the time. 389 00:50:12.989 --> 00:50:16.289 You know, 5,100 years from now, you know, it's pretty. 390 00:50:16.289 --> 00:50:22.289 All right, this is something you probably did to not go over it, but don't worry. 391 00:50:22.289 --> 00:50:28.170 It's still pretty simple. It's called the product so you get the product of 2 vectors. 392 00:50:28.170 --> 00:50:32.309 It's kind of like, if you take the 2nd vector and you pile it. 393 00:50:32.309 --> 00:50:38.610 For each element in the 1st factor, so 0 gets its own copy the textbook copy. 394 00:50:38.610 --> 00:50:42.179 And you multiply it out, so you get eventually extra. 395 00:50:42.179 --> 00:50:48.119 What was the original point? Uh, maybe easier to look this with real numbers. 396 00:50:48.119 --> 00:50:51.539 Give me 1 times 3 times 4. 397 00:50:51.539 --> 00:50:54.780 2.3 you got this. 398 00:50:54.780 --> 00:50:58.289 Here's how it looks like with 3. 399 00:50:58.289 --> 00:51:02.760 Actress, you get this giant arei don't worry too much. 400 00:51:02.760 --> 00:51:08.610 And I'd like to point out that if we use our 01 values, you end up with a. 401 00:51:08.610 --> 00:51:12.599 Factor which I don't want to get normally a single. Okay. 402 00:51:12.599 --> 00:51:18.119 Travel with this concept, if I gave you 2 factors, you can probably populate the product. 403 00:51:18.119 --> 00:51:21.510 All right? All right. 404 00:51:21.510 --> 00:51:26.309 But the, the final part of it leads into how we represent multiple. 405 00:51:26.309 --> 00:51:29.429 Possible and we represent them by their attention product. 406 00:51:29.429 --> 00:51:35.760 So, it's here with you, remember we enter. This is our simple 0. 0. is this. 407 00:51:35.760 --> 00:51:45.690 Products all that. 01 is this product stage? 10 is this product gate 01000. 408 00:51:45.690 --> 00:51:49.829 1, that's what that's true. Okay. 409 00:51:49.829 --> 00:51:59.070 And 11 is this proxy and similar to just the single bit you can think of this is an index in this factor, right? So this is 0. 410 00:51:59.070 --> 00:52:02.760 There's a 1 in the 0, in the position. This is 1 of the value. The. 411 00:52:02.760 --> 00:52:05.969 1st. 412 00:52:05.969 --> 00:52:09.300 23 of the conversation. 413 00:52:09.300 --> 00:52:12.989 Okay, uh, this is the only time I will send through 3. 414 00:52:12.989 --> 00:52:17.429 Fits together, I believe, because you don't have big grow exponentially in size. 415 00:52:17.429 --> 00:52:24.150 It works for that, so, for a sponsor was 0, you have 01234 is where the women's is. 416 00:52:24.150 --> 00:52:29.730 Okay, yeah, so we call this the product state. You can always factor it out to be individual. 417 00:52:29.730 --> 00:52:38.880 States and the product state of with a Microsoft team. Yeah. Here we see a sort of whisper of the power of quantum computing is exponential. 418 00:52:38.880 --> 00:52:42.630 Hold that thought we'll get back to you so. 419 00:52:42.630 --> 00:52:46.349 A, very important operation. 420 00:52:46.349 --> 00:52:51.030 Very fundamental to reverse replicating. It is about see, not our conditional not. 421 00:52:51.030 --> 00:52:56.940 Get offers on a therapist it doesn't take 1 bit to control that. The other bit is the target. 422 00:52:56.940 --> 00:53:00.119 So, the control of it, if it's 1, it flips the target, then. 423 00:53:00.119 --> 00:53:03.630 If it's 0, it needs to target below and the control of it. 424 00:53:03.630 --> 00:53:10.860 So, if we have the most significant, get out a few minutes with them to control the least significant bit, this target. 425 00:53:10.860 --> 00:53:17.309 And 00 since this is the target, it just goes Israel. 426 00:53:17.309 --> 00:53:21.929 Do you want to go to the 01, not 10 since the control is 1. 427 00:53:21.929 --> 00:53:24.929 That's the 11, right? You can see a little bit. 428 00:53:24.929 --> 00:53:29.519 And 11, since again, that's the target of it. Yeah. 429 00:53:29.519 --> 00:53:38.639 Okay, and this matrix, you can actually kind of write it. You see, there's like a sort of correspondence here you flip the bottom to goes, which is the identity matrix. 430 00:53:38.639 --> 00:53:44.190 This I claim which I will show the next book will change our product States. 431 00:53:44.190 --> 00:53:51.480 According to the semantics of so, does everyone get the semantics here? We have a control bit in the targeted for this 1. we felt the other bit. 432 00:53:51.480 --> 00:53:56.670 Okay, okay now this is the format, but. 433 00:53:56.670 --> 00:54:00.269 We are going to go with stuff like that. 434 00:54:00.269 --> 00:54:06.420 See, not getting from 10 remember that this is the control is 1 so we're gonna flip the other bits are expected to go to 1. 1. 435 00:54:06.420 --> 00:54:11.789 Now, let's expand this out step by step. So, once you're corresponds to this product. 436 00:54:11.789 --> 00:54:16.230 This is the matrix from the previous slide and we'll refine it to our product. 437 00:54:16.230 --> 00:54:20.909 It's just going to flip the bottom to rows so we get to this product stage. 438 00:54:20.909 --> 00:54:24.059 Which means factor it out. Indeed. Business 1 of them. 439 00:54:25.949 --> 00:54:35.400 Okay, now I'll stick with 11 same thing. We have our familiar matrix of this product date. We go to here, which we factor into 0. 440 00:54:35.400 --> 00:54:43.199 I'm convinced you at this point that we can use matrix used to represent kind of more interesting, logical operations just a bit. 441 00:54:43.199 --> 00:54:49.889 Does anyone have ended up yes. Across the board or practical for a larger groups? 442 00:54:49.889 --> 00:54:53.610 Uh, it is practical. Yes. 443 00:54:53.610 --> 00:54:59.280 Always possible, which kind of get into that when we get into part of it. 444 00:54:59.280 --> 00:55:03.119 That'd be a question. Okay. 445 00:55:03.119 --> 00:55:10.739 So, this this is fine for everyone. Everyone, nobody's lost in the gigantic conclusions here. 446 00:55:10.739 --> 00:55:15.780 Okay, we're going to go over 10 that sorry so the control 0. 447 00:55:15.780 --> 00:55:23.429 I mean, you can leave the in the middle of right? And we see that. Indeed this is what we do the same with 0, 1. 448 00:55:23.429 --> 00:55:32.340 Okay, so everyone, maybe you're getting familiar with our hospital computers you'll need to use there. They're all built on this sort of navigate. 449 00:55:32.340 --> 00:55:38.789 Everything is fun to build on that and she knows it's kind of the analysis and. 450 00:55:38.789 --> 00:55:43.050 Or it's like a really basic thing that is used to build up. 451 00:55:43.050 --> 00:55:50.579 Larger and more complicated. So I'm sure if I gave you a task, like, build some more complicated, logical. 452 00:55:50.579 --> 00:55:54.239 I would probably be able to see all together. 453 00:55:54.239 --> 00:56:03.750 Actually comes up, I will know that it's not actually universal. You can't make every logical function for the scene. Okay you need something called it to fully get. 454 00:56:03.750 --> 00:56:07.260 But they want to see that in the presentation. 455 00:56:07.260 --> 00:56:12.090 We've learned everything we need to know about how to use. 456 00:56:12.090 --> 00:56:17.639 Represent possible competition, and we can now go on to fund community so to recap. 457 00:56:17.639 --> 00:56:21.539 Because normally we can possibly get some vector. S1 0. 0. 458 00:56:21.539 --> 00:56:27.210 Number 1, in the operations office by applications. 459 00:56:27.210 --> 00:56:31.769 On the vectors we have the quantum computers only use reversible operations. 460 00:56:31.769 --> 00:56:42.900 And in fact that the operations on their own ecosystem, and all the States, we write the Tensor product, it's finally learned about, which is a very fundamental gauge. 461 00:56:42.900 --> 00:56:46.199 And. 462 00:56:46.199 --> 00:56:52.320 So this is anyone everyone's following on so far. It's pretty pretty simple, right? So that by. 463 00:56:54.090 --> 00:57:01.440 Okay, make the job few minutes and that will surprise you, you've been learned using oh, oh, actually. 464 00:57:01.440 --> 00:57:06.179 Are just special cases talk to you this. 465 00:57:06.179 --> 00:57:10.559 And especially if you've been in general by the vector of 2 elements, maybe. 466 00:57:10.559 --> 00:57:17.099 Why Andy are complex numbers don't worry. We'll only use real numbers for the presentation. Simple. 467 00:57:17.099 --> 00:57:22.440 And we have the constraint that a square foot piece, where is 1. 468 00:57:22.440 --> 00:57:26.699 So, 100 on business definition, because 1 square 1. 469 00:57:26.699 --> 00:57:35.489 Greatest 1, right now here's some example. Key values. This is 1 with which you'll become very familiar. 470 00:57:35.489 --> 00:57:39.869 It is 1 of our review whatever to can. I can tell you what 1 of reduce matters. 471 00:57:41.849 --> 00:57:46.230 Exactly, what happens when that was 1 so let's just keep it. What about. 472 00:57:46.230 --> 00:57:49.230 1 app and 3 or 2 points 1 ask weird. 473 00:57:49.230 --> 00:57:56.849 So 1, quarter +3 quarters is 1. uh, here's an interesting thing. We can actually use negative numbers. 474 00:57:56.849 --> 00:58:01.199 There's negative number Square. It is a positive number. So negative ones. 475 00:58:01.199 --> 00:58:04.860 And same thing here, it's just the same as this 1st matrix. 476 00:58:04.860 --> 00:58:11.429 The values and negative pretty bad so far. Right? 477 00:58:11.429 --> 00:58:19.619 Okay, but you might say this is kind of like saying that even if the value, which is not 01, but actually. 478 00:58:19.619 --> 00:58:23.489 Both 0 and 1 at the same time, this is about superposition. 479 00:58:23.489 --> 00:58:28.260 Everyone's probably heard of the shrugging. There's gotta be involved alive and dead. 480 00:58:28.260 --> 00:58:31.650 That's just like a fancy way of articulating these sort of. 481 00:58:31.650 --> 00:58:38.579 And the interesting thing about a cubic agency, we're positioning it means we can kind of. 482 00:58:38.579 --> 00:58:44.070 Really fall by this kind of compute with the values of both 01 at the same time. 483 00:58:44.070 --> 00:58:48.059 Again, is the sort of with groups and speed up power. 484 00:58:48.059 --> 00:58:53.670 Okay, now, how this works is when we measure this cube. 485 00:58:53.670 --> 00:58:59.460 It collapses to our familiar values of 0 and 1 with some probability. 486 00:58:59.460 --> 00:59:06.059 And this is what we usually do at the end of a quantum computation to get the final result. We send it through the measurement data. We see. But the. 487 00:59:06.059 --> 00:59:10.920 So, how the probability works is, if you have a value a. 488 00:59:10.920 --> 00:59:15.659 Classes to 0, with probability a squared and 1 would probably be square. 489 00:59:15.659 --> 00:59:21.420 So, we encounter if you look at our, are familiar with it, the previous slide 1 of our 2, 1 or 2. 490 00:59:21.420 --> 00:59:27.210 It has a, what half chance of popped into JIRA and wouldn't have tons of crossing the 1. that's a good point. 491 00:59:28.260 --> 00:59:35.909 Now, if you just measure our last book, you will see this. The 10 has a 100% chance thoughts into 0. 492 00:59:35.909 --> 00:59:41.159 01 is 100% chance of blocking so, sort of, uh, I haven't moved it that way. 493 00:59:41.159 --> 00:59:46.889 I found a useful here to get people sort of physical intuition about what we're doing. 494 00:59:46.889 --> 00:59:54.960 Of course, it is, is if you've heard of orientation, you probably about like, fancy sunglasses so that they're polarized. 495 00:59:54.960 --> 01:00:02.429 So, polarization is actually sort of phenomenon. You can be like this way or this way and your. 496 01:00:02.429 --> 01:00:10.320 Classes won't be polar at a certain way. So the only list like, polarizing this way through. Basically it turns out that humans you can think about. 497 01:00:10.320 --> 01:00:16.559 Yes, um, yeah, before it this way 0, it this way, it's the 1. 498 01:00:16.559 --> 01:00:21.989 Superposition means it's actually like both. Right? So it could actually go through both ratings. 499 01:00:21.989 --> 01:00:27.780 And then if you measure it in a way to measure it, it's just, like, fire it through and see whether it goes through. 500 01:00:27.780 --> 01:00:31.619 That you can collapse it to intuition. 501 01:00:31.619 --> 01:00:42.150 Paying this to a physical concept. Of course modern we found that photo that actually makes her very poor kids. They tend to class too easily. So we don't use those, but maybe they did that. 502 01:00:43.440 --> 01:00:50.400 Does anyone have any confusion here? Really about how this is? Veterans process? Block? Probably probably works. 503 01:00:50.400 --> 01:00:58.920 Okay, great. We will learn about both with you. It's the same is, uh, multiple secrets we represented by the 10th product. 504 01:00:58.920 --> 01:01:08.550 It actually at 1 point here about the measurement in collapse. 505 01:01:08.550 --> 01:01:12.570 It's impossible to determine the state of the Cuba. 506 01:01:12.570 --> 01:01:17.190 Except by collapsing it to some space, they look at collapse States. So there's. 507 01:01:17.190 --> 01:01:23.460 No way, even in principle to determine the actual state of the cube at those 2 components a, and B. 508 01:01:23.460 --> 01:01:28.769 And there's also no way to copy a cube to make a copy of a cube. 509 01:01:28.769 --> 01:01:32.460 All you can do is that you measure it. 510 01:01:32.460 --> 01:01:38.070 Is actually a matrix that you pick and you collapse it over to a value. 511 01:01:38.070 --> 01:01:43.230 And you could look at the cloud, so there's no way you can even get it by. 512 01:01:43.230 --> 01:01:47.909 Saying measuring as many times in doing probability, because there's no way of copying the cube. It. 513 01:01:47.909 --> 01:01:52.590 And measuring the coffees and then doing probability on it and so. 514 01:01:52.590 --> 01:01:58.320 Fundamentally, different stuff. Any questions, right? Totally. 515 01:02:02.579 --> 01:02:05.880 Okay, there we go. 516 01:02:08.670 --> 01:02:16.079 Okay, so if we have to keep it to me, multiply them, the, uh, some squares, I didn't see it actually. 517 01:02:16.079 --> 01:02:21.000 It just maintain and so if we consider our. 518 01:02:21.000 --> 01:02:25.920 Perfectly balanced 50% point of view, but we tacked it with another 1 a little bit. 519 01:02:25.920 --> 01:02:29.519 We get this or vector with 1 half and every single. 520 01:02:29.519 --> 01:02:32.550 And we'll have squared is the 1st, 1 quarter. 521 01:02:32.550 --> 01:02:37.139 So this 1 is the property. 522 01:02:37.139 --> 01:02:40.860 And the way to read, this is when we measure these 2 Cubans. 523 01:02:40.860 --> 01:02:45.420 It has a 1 quarter chance the button 000112111. 524 01:02:45.420 --> 01:02:52.469 This is sort of the probability of when we measure funding, it wasn't there in 0, everywhere else. 525 01:02:52.469 --> 01:02:59.909 So, we could find that there's a lot of our properly finding a lot in this position and all zeroes everywhere else. Does that kind of makes sense. 526 01:02:59.909 --> 01:03:05.489 Okay, great. You guys are just trucking along? No problem. 527 01:03:05.489 --> 01:03:11.369 The Super yes, absolutely. So only, there's only going to be the 1. 528 01:03:11.369 --> 01:03:19.170 1 factor yes 2121, that's the violator placement as the square. 529 01:03:20.250 --> 01:03:25.739 Oh, yeah, after mentioned that there will only be 1 1 in here. 530 01:03:25.739 --> 01:03:30.000 And this is 400, she has been factored to to that section. 531 01:03:30.000 --> 01:03:35.280 Okay, yes, you also have your finding the last longer. 532 01:03:35.280 --> 01:03:40.530 Yeah, yeah, so if you measure these 2 candidates at once. 533 01:03:40.530 --> 01:03:44.070 Uh, you can think of this product scape back of his blessing. 534 01:03:44.070 --> 01:03:48.869 And then that's just probably if I need a 1 here. 535 01:03:48.869 --> 01:03:54.780 Will become useful in the future when we can actually factor up. 536 01:03:54.780 --> 01:04:08.340 Anyway, okay, I'm going to manipulate them the same way we do with the classical guests and all the major companies. We've learned also work with kids. 537 01:04:08.340 --> 01:04:17.309 So, for example, uh, mitigation, if we have our as a 25% chance of cost into 075% chance, the 1 that we run it through the. 538 01:04:17.309 --> 01:04:23.309 Operator now it has a 75% chance of glass in the 25% chance. Once we manipulate. 539 01:04:23.309 --> 01:04:37.409 These probabilities that actually built amplitude with Jason, and you can think of, like, decades they correspond to some device upgrading, sort of, like, manipulate the QC with a general touch not enough to, like, collapse them but enough to, like, change their state. 540 01:04:39.599 --> 01:04:44.130 And there are also a couple important matrix operators. 541 01:04:44.130 --> 01:04:48.809 We haven't learned yet that makes sense to the bottom context. 542 01:04:48.809 --> 01:04:52.380 What is okay? Sweet. All right. We're good. 543 01:04:52.380 --> 01:04:55.530 The most important 1 is the ad market. 544 01:04:55.530 --> 01:04:59.099 And what it does is takes a 0 oxygen bit. 545 01:04:59.099 --> 01:05:03.809 And it takes it to the conflict state where it takes exactly the motion for position. 546 01:05:03.809 --> 01:05:10.199 The Matrix looks like this, it has 1 overdue in every single entry, except for negative in the bottom right? Corner. 547 01:05:10.199 --> 01:05:13.650 Yes, you get 1 number 2 to. 548 01:05:13.650 --> 01:05:17.639 We multiply this by 1 we get 1 opportunity. 549 01:05:17.639 --> 01:05:22.860 So this is how we actually get into Super position. We use the ad market that switch. 550 01:05:22.860 --> 01:05:26.489 Scientists developed and, uh. 551 01:05:26.489 --> 01:05:29.880 You can. 552 01:05:29.880 --> 01:05:35.940 So kind of quiz time can anyone tell me why we need a negative 1 in the bottom right? Corner? 553 01:05:37.170 --> 01:05:45.210 Matrix. 554 01:05:49.079 --> 01:05:57.239 It's like a 1st. 555 01:05:58.409 --> 01:06:05.460 So, if we didn't have this negative number here, then both 0, and 1 was not the same value. So, his name yes. 556 01:06:07.860 --> 01:06:12.090 Okay, yes, Super. 557 01:06:12.090 --> 01:06:18.090 Superposition yeah, so the 1st team means that you did. 558 01:06:18.090 --> 01:06:21.659 Is it kind of in both state 0 and 1 at the same time? 559 01:06:21.659 --> 01:06:25.349 So, I guess really clear what's something here. 560 01:06:25.349 --> 01:06:29.670 Doesn't mean, the cubic is secret easier or secretly 1 that we don't know. 561 01:06:29.670 --> 01:06:34.469 It means it's actually in both at the same time, it's just like just quantum weirdness. 562 01:06:34.469 --> 01:06:38.460 It's just like, what happens at the very, very small level of our world. 563 01:06:38.460 --> 01:06:46.440 Which that things don't have to have any values until we 0, in Super position. 564 01:06:46.440 --> 01:06:54.119 121 is the decision to -1. yeah, we seem to have different. 565 01:06:54.119 --> 01:06:59.340 Values, but they're representing conceptually the same thing. 566 01:06:59.340 --> 01:07:05.400 Right. So this kind of comes down to the distinction in 1 of the classical world. 567 01:07:05.400 --> 01:07:12.570 Which is not possible perspective. These 2 Cubans are kind of in the same boat that 50% probability and philosophy. 568 01:07:12.570 --> 01:07:21.119 But with if we stay within the bottom round, this signed information is preserved as long as we don't measure it and it can affect our combinations. 569 01:07:23.190 --> 01:07:28.079 It's not a 50, 50 chance that has a sense. It needs to be a lot. 570 01:07:28.079 --> 01:07:33.119 Used to be not. 571 01:07:33.119 --> 01:07:39.599 Really it's just the end up in this state, which is different within the realm than the state. Either. These are 2 different states. 572 01:07:39.599 --> 01:07:43.050 Okay. 573 01:07:43.050 --> 01:07:48.269 Reasonable point to stop place a more on Thursday, so. 574 01:07:48.269 --> 01:07:53.159 Everyone's totally confused perhaps if you still awake, but that's okay. Is this. 575 01:07:53.159 --> 01:07:56.400 Quantum physics is supposed to be confused, I guess. 576 01:07:56.400 --> 01:08:03.329 And, um, maybe we can touch less confused later. Um, and some of the videos I show will have. 577 01:08:03.329 --> 01:08:09.599 People some of the inventors talking, I may show a little video by alignment, for example. 578 01:08:09.599 --> 01:08:13.469 A little video by Peter's Shar, who invented the past packing. 579 01:08:13.469 --> 01:08:17.340 Sorry, so have fun. Um. 580 01:08:17.340 --> 01:08:22.800 And you're welcome to do more if you're looking for topics, return projects. Um. 581 01:08:22.800 --> 01:08:29.039 You know, play with quantum computing on, um, Amazon bracket, let's say. 582 01:08:29.039 --> 01:08:35.100 If possible projects, then you can stick on your resume that you've got some quantum computing and Mike. 583 01:08:35.100 --> 01:08:45.180 I'll get a better job, so, um, you know, given that, you know, people search, employer, search resumes for keywords that the appropriate responses. 584 01:08:45.180 --> 01:08:48.899 Salt your resume with key words, but you gotta do it honestly. So. 585 01:08:48.899 --> 01:08:54.840 You know, you say you've used IBM, quantum computer, you have to actually use that slippery on the web. So. 586 01:08:54.840 --> 01:08:58.170 Okay, that was a good week. 587 01:08:58.170 --> 01:09:01.350 And see you Thursday, unless you got your question. 588 01:09:03.960 --> 01:09:07.079 So, how I was attempting to broadcast that the. 589 01:09:07.079 --> 01:09:10.680 Someone who is not here was this point my iPad. 590 01:09:10.680 --> 01:09:15.539 At the screen would work. 591 01:09:15.539 --> 01:09:20.340 Oh, I can thank you. So. 592 01:09:24.300 --> 01:09:29.880 Hello. 593 01:09:32.100 --> 01:09:42.408 Okay.